📚 Year 10 WJEC Engineering: Core Knowledge Review | Year 10 WJEC 工程：核心知识点梳理
Welcome to a comprehensive review of the core knowledge required for Year 10 WJEC Engineering. This subject blends creativity with scientific principles, preparing learners to design, manufacture, and evaluate engineered products. The syllabus covers the entire design process, from identifying a need to developing prototypes, while integrating knowledge of materials, mechanical and electronic systems, manufacturing techniques, health & safety, and sustainability. In this guide, we will break down each key topic area with clear explanations and bilingual support to reinforce your understanding and boost your confidence for assessments.
欢迎对 Year 10 WJEC 工程核心知识进行全面梳理。该学科将创造力与科学原理相融合，培养学生设计、制造和评估工程产品的能力。课程涵盖从识别需求到开发原型的整个设计过程，同时融入材料、机械与电子系统、制造技术、健康与安全以及可持续性等知识。本指南将逐一解析各个核心主题，提供清晰的中英双语解释，以巩固理解并增强评估自信。
1. The Engineering Design Process | 工程设计过程
The engineering design process is a systematic, iterative method used to solve problems and create functional products. It ensures that all critical factors are considered before manufacturing begins.
工程设计过程是一种系统性、迭代式的方法，用于解决问题并创制功能性产品。它确保在制造开始前所有关键因素都得到考虑。
Step 1: Identify the problem or need. Engineers define the exact issue to be solved and the end-user requirements.
第一步：识别问题或需求。工程师明确待解决的具体问题以及最终用户的要求。
Step 2: Research and gather information. Existing products, materials, and technologies are analysed to inspire solutions.
第二步：研究与收集信息。分析现有产品、材料和技术，以获得解决方案的灵感。
Step 3: Write a design specification. A detailed list of criteria such as function, size, cost, and aesthetics is created to guide the design.
第三步：编写设计规格。制定包含功能、尺寸、成本和美学等准则的详细清单，以指导设计工作。
Step 4: Generate possible solutions. A range of initial ideas is sketched, often using brainstorming techniques.
第四步：构思可能的解决方案。通过头脑风暴等方法，绘制出一系列初步构想草图。
Step 5: Develop and model the best solution. The most promising design is refined using CAD or physical models to visualise its form and function.
第五步：开发最优方案并建模。利用 CAD 或实体模型对最有前景的设计进行完善，以便直观观察其形态和功能。
Step 6: Prototype and test. A working prototype is built, and tests are conducted to check performance against the specification.
第六步：制作原型并测试。构建一个可工作的原型，并进行测试以检查其是否符合设计规格。
Step 7: Evaluate and refine. Results from testing are analysed, and improvements are made to the design before final production.
第七步：评估与优化。对测试结果进行分析，并在最终生产前对设计进行改进。
2. Understanding Design Specifications | 理解设计规格
A design specification is a precise description of the requirements a product must meet. It turns a vague need into measurable targets and constraints.
设计规格是对产品必须满足的各项要求的精确描述。它将模糊的需求转化为可衡量的目标和约束条件。
Functional requirements state what the product must do, such as 'lift a 5 kg load' or 'detect light changes'.
功能性需求规定产品必须做什么，例如“举起 5 kg 的重物”或“检测光线变化”。
Non-functional requirements include aesthetics (colour, texture), dimensions, weight, safety standards, cost limits, materials, and environmental factors.
非功能性需求包括美学效果（颜色、质地）、尺寸、重量、安全标准、成本限制、材料以及环境因素。
A well-written specification is measurable; it avoids vague terms and uses numbers, units, and clear pass/fail criteria to allow objective testing.
一份编写得当的规格应是可衡量的；它避免使用模糊用语，而是运用数字、单位以及明确的通过/失败标准，以便进行客观测试。
The specification serves as a contract between the designer and the client. It is the checklist against which final prototypes are evaluated.
设计规格可视为设计师与客户之间的合同。它是用于评估最终原型的核对清单。
3. Materials and Their Properties | 材料及其性能
Engineers select materials based on their properties, cost, availability, and environmental impact. The main groups are metals, polymers, woods, and composites.
工程师根据材料的性能、成本、可获得性以及环境影响来选择材料。主要类别包括金属、聚合物、木材和复合材料。
Metals are divided into ferrous (containing iron, e.g. mild steel, cast iron) and non-ferrous (e.g. aluminium, copper, brass). Ferrous metals are generally magnetic and can rust, while non-ferrous are often corrosion-resistant and lighter.
金属分为黑色金属（含铁，如低碳钢、铸铁）和有色金属（如铝、铜、黄铜）。黑色金属通常具有磁性且易锈蚀，而有色金属通常耐腐蚀且更轻。
Polymers include thermoplastics (e.g. acrylic, ABS, nylon) which can be reheated and reshaped, and thermosetting plastics (e.g. epoxy resin, melamine) which set permanently upon heating and cannot be remoulded.
聚合物包括热塑性塑料（如亚克力、ABS、尼龙），它们可重复加热和重塑；还包括热固性塑料（如环氧树脂、三聚氰胺），一经加热定型便永久固化，无法再次成型。
Woods are classified as hardwoods (e.g. oak, beech – from deciduous trees, generally denser), softwoods (e.g. pine, cedar – from coniferous trees, grow faster), and manufactured boards (e.g. plywood, MDF – made from wood fibres or veneers bonded together).
木材分为硬木（如橡木、山毛榉——来自落叶树，通常更致密）、软木（如松木、雪松——来自针叶树，生长较快）以及人造板（如胶合板、中密度纤维板——由木纤维或薄板粘合而成）。
Composites such as carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) or glass reinforced plastic (GRP) combine two different materials to achieve properties superior to those of the individual components.
复合材料（如碳纤维增强聚合物 CFRP 或玻璃纤维增强塑料 GRP）将两种不同材料结合在一起，以获得优于各单一组分的性能。
| Material (材料) | Key Mechanical Properties (关键力学性能) | Typical Use (典型用途) |
|---|---|---|
| Mild Steel (低碳钢) | High tensile strength, ductile, magnetic, rusts (高抗拉强度, 延展性好, 有磁性, 易生锈) | Nuts, bolts, car bodies (螺母, 螺栓, 汽车车身) |
| Aluminium (铝) | Light, corrosion-resistant, good conductor of heat/electricity (轻, 耐腐蚀, 导电导热好) | Drink cans, aircraft frames, heat sinks (饮料罐, 飞机框架, 散热器) |
| Acrylic (亚克力) | Brittle, transparent, weather-resistant, thermoplastic (脆性, 透明, 耐候, 热塑性) | Signage, light covers, display stands (标牌, 灯罩, 展示架) |
| Plywood (胶合板) | Strong in all directions, stable, resists warping (各向强度高, 稳定, 不易翘曲) | Furniture, flooring, construction (家具, 地板, 建筑) |
Key mechanical properties include: strength (ability to withstand force without breaking), hardness (resistance to indentation/scratching), toughness (ability to absorb impact energy without fracturing), elasticity (ability to return to original shape after deformation), and ductility (ability to be drawn into wires).
关键力学性能包括：强度（承受外力而不被破坏的能力）、硬度（抵抗压入或刮擦的能力）、韧性（吸收冲击能量而不断裂的能力）、弹性（形变后恢复原始形状的能力）以及延展性（可被拉制成丝的能力）。
4. Testing Materials | 材料测试
Engineers use standardised tests to evaluate whether a material meets the specification. Test data must be repeatable and reliable.
工程师使用标准化测试来评估材料是否符合规格。测试数据必须可重复且可靠。
The tensile test measures a sample's behaviour under pulling forces. A stress-strain graph is plotted, showing elastic limit, yield point, and ultimate tensile strength. The Young's modulus indicates stiffness.
拉伸测试测量试样在拉力作用下的行为。绘制应力-应变图，可显示出弹性极限、屈服点以及极限抗拉强度。杨氏模量则表示材料的刚度。
Hardness tests (e.g. Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers) press an indenter into the surface and measure the size or depth of the impression. Hard materials resist indentation and are suitable for cutting tools.
硬度试验（如洛氏、布氏、维氏硬度试验）将压头压入材料表面，并测量压痕的大小或深度。坚硬的材料能抵抗压入，适用于制造切削刀具。
The Izod or Charpy impact test determines a material's toughness. A notched sample is struck by a pendulum, and the energy absorbed before fracture is recorded.
艾氏或夏比冲击试验用于测定材料的韧性。将带有缺口的试样用摆锤击打，记录断裂前所吸收的能量。
Non-destructive tests (NDT), such as visual inspection or dye penetrant testing, are used to detect surface cracks without damaging the component.
无损检测（NDT），如外观检查或渗透探伤，可用于检查表面裂纹而不损伤部件。
5. Manufacturing Processes: Shaping and Cutting | 制造工艺：成形与切割
Subtractive manufacturing removes material from a larger stock using cutting tools. Common processes include sawing, drilling, turning (on a lathe), and milling.
减材制造利用切削刀具从较大的原料上去除材料。常见工艺包括锯切、钻孔、车削（在车床上进行）和铣削。
Turning involves rotating the workpiece while a stationary tool removes material to create cylindrical shapes. Facing, parallel turning, and taper turning are basic operations.
车削时工件旋转，固定刀具移去材料以形成圆柱形。端面车削、平行车削和锥度车削是基本操作。
Milling uses a rotating multi-tooth cutter to remove material from a stationary workpiece, producing flat surfaces, slots, and complex profiles.
铣削使用旋转的多齿刀具从固定的工件上去除材料，可加工平面、沟槽和复杂轮廓。
Forming processes change the shape of material without removing it, such as bending sheet metal, forging, casting (pouring molten metal into a mould), and injection moulding (forcing molten plastic into a mould cavity).
成形工艺在不移除材料的情况下改变其形状，例如金属板材弯曲、锻造、铸造（将熔融金属浇入模具）以及注塑成型（将熔融塑料注入模腔）。
Modern digital processes include CNC (computer numerical control) machining, where G-code controls tool paths for high precision, and 3D printing, which builds parts layer by layer from filament or powder.
现代数字工艺包括 CNC（计算机数控）加工，通过 G 代码控制刀具轨迹以实现高精度制造；还包括 3D 打印，使用线材或粉末逐层构建零件。
6. Manufacturing Processes: Joining and Finishing | 制造工艺：连接与表面处理
Joining methods fall into permanent and non-permanent categories. Non-permanent joints, such as nuts and bolts or screws, allow disassembly for maintenance.
连接方法分为永久连接和非永久连接。非永久连接（如螺母螺栓或螺钉）允许拆解，便于维护。
Permanent joining includes welding (fusion of materials at high temperature), soldering (used for electronics with a lower melting point filler), brazing, and adhesive bonding. Riveting is also a permanent mechanical fastening method.
永久连接包括焊接（在高温下熔合材料）、软钎焊（用于电子元件，使用熔点较低的填充材料）、硬钎焊以及粘合剂接合。铆接也属于一种永久性的机械紧固方法。
Surface finishing protects against corrosion, enhances appearance, or improves wear resistance. Common finishes are painting, powder coating, electroplating, and anodising of aluminium.
表面处理可防止腐蚀、提升外观质量或提高耐磨性。常见的处理包括喷涂、粉末涂装、电镀以及对铝材的阳极氧化处理。
Before finishing, surfaces often undergo preparation steps such as degreasing, sanding, and priming to ensure good adhesion.
在进行表面处理之前，工件通常需要经过除油、打磨和上底漆等预备工序，以确保涂层附着力良好。
Selecting the correct joining and finishing technique depends on the materials, operating environment, required strength, and cost.
选择正确的连接和表面处理工艺取决于材料特性、使用环境、所需的强度以及成本。
7. Electronic Systems Fundamentals | 电子系统基础
ignals, and drive outputs. A basic system block diagram follows: Input → Process → Output.
电子系统检测输入信号、处理信号并驱动输出。一个基本的系统框图遵循：输入 → 处理 → 输出。
Input transducers convert physical quantities into electrical signals. An LDR (light-dependent resistor) decreases resistance as light intensity rises; a thermistor's resistance changes with temperature (NTC types decrease resistance as temperature rises); switches provide digital on/off signals.
输入传感器将物理量转换为电信号。光敏电阻 (LDR) 的阻值随光照强度升高而降低；热敏电阻的阻值随温度变化（负温度系数 NTC 型随温升阻值下降）；开关则提供数字式的通断信号。
Process blocks can be microcontrollers (e.g. Arduino) or comparator ICs that compare two voltages and switch output accordingly.
处理模块可以是微控制器（如 Arduino）或比较器集成电路，它们比较两个电压并根据比较结果切换输出状态。
Output devices include LEDs (which emit light when a current passes), buzzers, motors, relays, and 7-segment displays.
输出设备包括 LED（有电流通过时发光）、蜂鸣器、电机、继电器以及七段数码管等。
Ohm's Law governs the relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R):
V = I × R
Power in a circuit is calculated by:
P = I × V
欧姆定律描述了电压 (V)、电流 (I) 和电阻 (R) 之间的关系：V = I × R。电路中的功率计算式为：P = I × V。
In a series circuit, current is the same everywhere, and total resistance is the sum of individual resistors:
Rₜₒₜₐₗ = R₁ + R₂ + R₃ + …
在串联电路中，各处电流相等，总电阻等于各电阻之和：Rₜₒₜₐₗ = R₁ + R₂ + R₃ + …
In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each branch is the same, and total resistance is found by:
1/Rₜₒₜₐₗ = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + 1/R₃ + …
在并联电路中，各支路电压相同，总电阻通过下式计算：1/Rₜₒₜₐₗ = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + 1/R₃ + …
8. Mechanical Systems and Mechanisms | 机械系统与机构
Mechanisms transmit and transform motion and force. Levers are simple machines consisting of a rigid bar pivoting on a fulcrum. The moment is the turning effect of a force:
Moment = Force × perpendicular distance from pivot
机构用于传递和变换运动及力。杠杆是绕支点转动的刚性杆，属于简单机械。力矩是力产生的转动效应：力矩 = 力 × 到支点的垂直距离。
There are three classes of lever, defined by the relative positions of fulcrum, effort, and load. In a first-class lever (e.g. crowbar), the fulcrum is between effort and load. In a second-class lever (e.g. wheelbarrow), the load is between fulcrum and effort. In a third-class lever (e.g. tweezers), the effort is between fulcrum and load.
根据支点、施力点与负载的相对位置，杠杆分为三类。第一类杠杆（如撬棍）支点在施力点与负载之间；第二类杠杆（如手推车）负载在支点与施力点之间；第三类杠杆（如镊子）施力点在支点与负载之间。
For equilibrium in a lever, the principle of moments states:
Effort × effort arm = Load × load arm
Fₑ × dₑ = Fₗ × dₗ
杠杆平衡时，力矩原理指出：施力 × 施力臂 = 负载 × 负载臂，即 Fₑ × dₑ = Fₗ × dₗ。
Gears transmit rotary motion and can change speed, torque, and direction. The velocity ratio (or gear ratio) between two meshing gears is given by:
Velocity Ratio = Number of teeth on driven gear / Number of teeth on driver gear
齿轮传递旋转运动，并能改变转速、扭矩和方向。两个啮合齿轮间的速度比（或传动比）为：速度比 = 从动轮齿数 / 主动轮齿数。
Pulley and belt systems work similarly; the velocity ratio is the diameter of the driven pulley divided by the diameter of the driver pulley.
带轮和皮带系统的工作原理类似；其速度比为从动轮直径除以主动轮直径。
A rack and pinion mechanism converts rotary motion into linear motion. A crank and slider converts rotary into reciprocating motion.
齿轮齿条机构将旋转运动转换为直线运动。曲柄滑块机构将旋转运动转换为往复运动。
9. CAD/CAM and Engineering Drawings | CAD/CAM 与工程图
Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software allows engineers to create precise 2D drawings and 3D models. Parametric modelling enables easy modification of dimensions and features.
计算机辅助设计 (CAD) 软件使工程师能够创建精确的二维图纸和三维模型。参数
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