📚 Year 11 Edexcel Physics: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Edexcel 物理词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key terms is half the battle in Edexcel Physics. This guide breaks down essential Year 11 terminology with simple memory hooks and retrieval strategies, helping you link definitions to concepts for effortless recall in exams.
掌握关键术语是攻克 Edexcel 物理的一半。本指南拆解 Year 11 必考术语，用简单的记忆锚点和提取策略将定义与概念挂钩，让你考试时轻松回想。
1. Key Concepts: Units and Measurements | 关键概念：单位与测量
Scalar: A quantity with magnitude only, such as speed, distance, mass. Think 'scalar = scale' – a bathroom scale shows just a number, no direction.
标量：只有大小的量，如速率、距离、质量。记“标量像磅秤”——只显示数字，没有方向。
Vector: A quantity with both magnitude and direction, e.g., velocity, displacement, force. 'V' in vector also points forward like an arrow.
矢量：既有大小又有方向的量，如速度、位移、力。“V”像箭头，自带方向。
Displacement: Straight-line distance in a given direction from start to finish. Displacement is the shortest 'direct' route – vector.
位移：起点到终点的直线距离并带有方向。位移是“最短路”，有方向，是矢量。
SI base units: The seven foundations – metre (m), kilogram (kg), second (s), ampere (A), kelvin (K), mole (mol), candela (cd). Mnemonic: 'My King’s Silver Arrow Kills Mighty Creatures'.
国际单位制基本单位：米、千克、秒、安培、开尔文、摩尔、坎德拉。记忆：“米千秒安开摩坎”——可谐音“米谦秒安开莫侃”。
Prefixes: kilo (10³), mega (10⁶), giga (10⁹), micro (10⁻⁶), nano (10⁻⁹). 'King Henry Died By Drinking Chocolate Milk' can help memorise factor steps, but keep an eye on powers: mega is million.
词头：千、兆、吉、微、纳。联想：千克 km，兆 M 是百万，吉 G 是十亿，微 μ 是百万分之一。
2. Motion: Speed, Velocity and Acceleration | 运动：速度、速率与加速度
Speed: rate of change of distance (scalar). velocity: rate of change of displacement (vector). Both have units m/s. If you walk in a circle at steady speed, your speed is constant but velocity keeps changing direction.
速率：距离变化率（标量）。速度：位移变化率（矢量）。单位都是 m/s。如果匀速绕圈，速率不变，但速度方向不断变化。
Acceleration: rate of change of velocity. Equation: a = (v - u) / t, where v is final velocity, u is initial velocity. Deceleration is negative acceleration. Think 'accelerate to change velocity'.
加速度：速度变化率。公式 a = (v - u) / t。减速是负加速度。联想“加速改变速度”。
Uniform acceleration equation:
v² = u² + 2as
It links final speed v, initial speed u, acceleration a, and displacement s. Memorise as 'v squared equals u squared plus two a s'. Only valid when acceleration is constant.
匀加速方程 v² = u² + 2as 连接末速度、初速度、加速度和位移。记为“V方等于U方加2as”，仅当加速度恒定。
Distance–ime graphs: gradient = speed. Flat line means stationary. Curving line means acceleration.
距离–时间图：斜率 = 速率。水平线表示静止；曲线表示加速。
Velocity– tion; area under graph = displacement. A sloped straight line shows constant acceleration.
速度–时间图：斜率 = 加速度；图下面积 = 位移。倾斜直线表示匀加速。
3. Forces and Newton's Laws | 力与牛顿定律
Resultant force: the single force that represents the combined effect of all forces acting on an object. If resultant force is zero, forces are balanced – no change in velocity (Newton's First Law).
合力：代表所有作用力总效果的单一力。若合力为零，力平衡，速度不变（牛顿第一定律）。
Inertia: tendency of an object to resist change in its motion. The greater the mass, the larger the inertia. First Law is about inertia.
惯性：物体抵抗运动状态改变的趋势。质量越大，惯性越大。第一定律就是惯性定律。
Newton's Second Law: F = ma. Resultant force (N) = mass (kg) × acceleration (m/s²). Mnemonic: 'Force equals mass times acceleration' – imagine Formula one car.
牛顿第二定律：F = ma。合力 = 质量 × 加速度。记“F=ma”是力的核心方程。
Weight: force due to gravity, W = mg, where g = 9.8 m/s² on Earth. Weight is not mass; it changes with gravitational field.
重力：由引力产生的力，W = mg。地球上 g ≈ 9.8 m/s²。重量不是质量，随重力场变化。
Terminal velocity: when an object falls through a fluid, drag increases until it balances weight. Resultant force becomes zero, so the object continues at constant speed. Skydivers reach terminal velocity.
终极速度：物体在流体中下落，阻力增加到与重力平衡时，合力为零，物体以恒定速度下落。跳伞者会达到终极速度。
4. Energy Stores and Transfers | 能量储存与转移
Kinetic energy: energy due to motion, KE = ½mv². It depends on mass and the square of speed. Doubling speed quadruples kinetic energy – think of high-speed crash damage.
动能：因运动而具有的能量，KE = ½mv²。依赖于质量与速度的平方。速度翻倍，动能变为四倍。
Gravitational potential energy: energy due to height, GPE = mgh. Lift a book, store GPE. 'mgh' sounds like 'mug' held up high.
重力势能：因高度具有的能量，GPE = mgh。抬高物体储存势能。联想“mgh”像举起的杯子。
Conservation of energy: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred between stores. Total energy in a closed system is constant.
能量守恒：能量不能被创造或消灭，只在各储存方式间转移。封闭系统总能量不变。
Work done: energy transferred by a force moving through a distance. W = Fd. When you push a box, work done transfers chemical energy to kinetic and thermal stores.
功：力移动距离时所转移的能量，W = Fd。推箱子时，化学能转为动能和热能。
Power: rate of energy transfer, P = E / t or P = W / t. Unit: watt (W). High power means fast energy delivery.
功率：能量转移的速率，P = E / t。单位瓦特。大功率意味着能量转移快。
5. Wave Properties and Behaviour | 波的性质与行为
Transverse waves: oscillations perpendicular to direction of energy transfer. Examples: light, water ripples. Remember 'transverse crosses' – vibrations go across.
横波：振动方向与能量传递方向垂直。例如光、水波。记“横波横着振”。
Longitudinal waves: oscillations parallel to energy transfer. Examples: sound, seismic P-waves. Think of a slinky push-pull – compressions and rarefactions.
纵波：振动方向与能量传递方向平行。例如声音、地震P波。像弹簧疏密部推移。
Amplitude: maximum displacement from equilibrium. Larger amplitude means more energy (louder sound, brighter light).
振幅：离开平衡位置的最大位移。振幅越大，能量越多（声音更响，光更亮）。
Wavelength (λ): distance between two consecutive identical points on a wave, e.g., crest to crest. Unit: metre.
波长：波上连续两个相同点（如波峰到波峰）的距离，符号 λ，单位米。
Frequency (f): number of complete waves passing a point per second, unit hertz (Hz). f = 1/T, where T is period. High frequency = short wavelength.
频率：每秒通过某点的完整波数，单位赫兹。f = 1/T。频率高则波长短。
Wave speed: v = fλ ame speed in vacuum (3.0 × 10⁸ m/s). Use the formula to link speed, frequency, wavelength.
波速：v = fλ。所有电磁波在真空中同速。用此公式连接速度、频率、波长。
6. The Electromagnetic Spectrum | 电磁波谱
Order from longest wavelength to shortest: Radio, Microwave, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, X-ray, Gamma. Mnemonic: 'Raging Martians Invade Venus Using X-ray Guns'.
按波长从长到短：无线电、微波、红外、可见光、紫外、X射线、伽马射线。记忆：“无微红见紫 X 伽”或“Rabbits Mate In Very Unusual Xciting Gardens”。
Visible light spectrum: Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet (ROY G. BIV). Red has longest wavelength in visible, violet shortest.
可见光谱：红橙黄绿蓝靛紫。红波长最长，紫最短。
Key property: All EM waves are transverse, travel at speed of light in vacuum, and can be reflected, refracted, and diffracted. Frequency and wavelength inversely proportional.
关键性质：所有电磁波都是横波，在真空中光速传播，能被反射、折射、衍射。频率与波长成反比。
Uses and dangers: Infrared – thermal imaging; Ultraviolet – tanning but skin cancer; X-ray – medical imaging but ionising; Gamma – sterilisation and cancer treatment, highly ionising.
用途与危害：红外热成像；紫外晒黑但致皮肤癌；X光医学成像但电离；伽马消毒治癌，强电离。
Ionising radiation: UV, X-ray, Gamma have enough energy to remove electrons from atoms, damaging DNA. Microwave and infrared are non-ionising but can cause heating.
电离辐射：紫外、X射线、伽马射线能剥离电子损伤DNA。微波和红外非电离，但可致热效应。
7. Electricity: Circuits and Quantities | 电：电路与电量
Current (I): rate of flow of charge, measured in ampere (A). In a single closed loop, current is
Published by TutorHao | Year 11 Physics Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图