📚 Year 10 WJEC Sociology: Key Term Memorisation Guide | WJEC 社会学核心术语速记指南（Year 10）
Mastering key sociological terms is essential for success in the Year 10 WJEC Sociology course. This guide provides clear definitions paired with proven memorisation techniques to help you retain concepts like socialisation, stratification, and research methods with confidence.
掌握核心社会学术语是 WJEC 十年级社会学成功的关键。这份指南提供了清晰的定义与有效的记忆技巧，帮助你自信地掌握社会化、社会分层、研究方法等概念。
1. Culture and Socialisation | 文化与社会化
Culture refers to the shared norms, values, beliefs and practices of a society. Socialisation is the lifelong process through which individuals learn these cultural elements. Primary socialisation occurs in early childhood, mainly in the family, while secondary socialisation continues in schools, peer groups and the media. A lack of adequate socialisation can lead to feral children who have missed key cultural learning.
文化指一个社会共享的规范、价值观、信仰和实践。社会化是个体学习这些文化成分的终身过程。初级社会化发生在幼儿期，主要在家庭中进行；次级社会化则通过学校、同伴群体和媒体等延续。缺乏充分社会化可能导致野孩子现象，他们错过了关键的文化学习。
Memory tip: Think of 'norms' as the 'normal' behaviours everyone is expected to follow. Use the acronym NVS (Norms, Values, Symbols) to recall the three core elements of culture. For socialisation, break the word into 'social' + 'isation' – the process of becoming social. Associate primary with 'prime' caregivers and secondary with 'second home' like school.
记忆技巧：将“规范”理解为每个人都该遵守的“正常”行为。用首字母组合 NVS（规范、价值观、符号）记住文化三核心。社会化拆成“社会+化”——融入社会的过程。初级联想到“首要”照顾者，次级联想到“第二个家”比如学校。
2. Identity and Role | 身份与角色
Identity is how we see ourselves and how others see us. It comprises personal identity (unique traits) and social identity (group memberships). A role is a set of expected behaviours attached to a particular status. Ascribed status is fixed at birth (e.g. sex, ethnicity), while achieved status is earned through effort (e.g. occupation). Role conflict arises when two or more roles clash, such as being a student and an employee.
身份是我们如何看待自己以及他人如何看待我们。它包含个人身份（独特特质）和社会身份（群体归属）。角色是附着于特定地位的一套期望行为。先赋地位与生俱来（如性别、种族），自致地位通过努力获得（如职业）。当两个或多个角色冲突时便出现角色冲突，比如同时是学生和雇员。
Memory tip: Identity = I + dentity; remember it as 'I define myself'. Ascribed status is 'A' for automatic; achieved status is 'A' you have to be in two plays at once. Create a mind map linking identity, status, and role.
记忆技巧：身份 = I + dentity，记住“我定义自己”。先赋地位的首字母“A”代表自动获得；自致地位的“A”代表野心（Ambition）。想象一个戏剧舞台：每人扮演一个角色，当你要同时演两出戏时就产生冲突。画思维导图连接身份、地位和角色。
3. Social Control and Deviance | 社会控制与越轨
Social control refers to the mechanisms society uses to ensure conformity to norms. It can be formal (written rules enforced by institutions like the police) or informal (unwritten expectations enforced through peer pressure or family). Deviance is behaviour that violates these norms. Sanctions are rewards for conformity or punishments for deviance. Importantly, deviance is culturally relative; what is deviant in one society may be normal in another.
社会控制指社会用来确保遵守规范的机制。它可分为正式控制（由警察等机构执行的成文规则）和非正式控制（通过同伴压力或家庭执行的不成文期望）。越轨是违反这些规范的行为。奖惩是对遵从的奖励或对越轨的惩罚。关键是，越轨是文化相对的；在某个社会是越轨的行为，在另一社会可能正常。
ntrol = forms and fines (think of filling out a form or paying a fine). Informal control = 'in the family' – parents raising an eyebrow. Deviance sounds like 'deviation' from the norm. Sanctions: SSS – smiles (positive) or stares (negative). Use the phrase 'Culture makes deviance' to recall relativity.
记忆技巧：正式控制联想“表格和罚款”（form & fine）。非正式控制记成“家庭内部（in family）”——父母挑起眉毛。越轨英文 deviance 像是偏离（deviation）。奖惩可记作 SSS：微笑（积极）或瞪眼（消极）。用“文化制造越轨”这句话记住相对性。
4. Families and Households | 家庭与住户
A family is a group of people related by blood, marriage, or adoption. A household refers to people living together under one roof, who may not be related. The nuclear family consists of two parents and their children, while the extended family includes additional relatives. Conjugal roles describe the domestic division of labour between partners; segregated roles mean separate tasks, whereas joint roles mean shared tasks. Symmetrical families are those where both partners contribute more equally to domestic work and decision-making.
家庭是由血缘、婚姻或收养关系联结的一群人。住户指同住一个屋檐下的人，不一定有亲属关系。核心家庭由双亲及其子女组成，而扩展家庭包括更多亲属。夫妻角色描述伴侣间的家务分工；隔离角色意味着任务分开，联合角色则意味着任务共享。对称家庭指双方更平等地分担家务与决策的家庭。
Memory tip: Visualise a nucleus inside a cell – it is the tiny core, just like the nuclear family. Extended family 'extends' like branches of a tree. Conjugal sounds like 'conjoin' or 'together' – rical = symmetry, equal halves. Draw a quick family tree with labels to lock the terms in.
记忆技巧：想象细胞里的细胞核——它是最小的核心，正如核心家庭。扩展“extended”就像树的枝条向外伸展。夫妻 conjugal 音似“conjoin”（联结），想想角色是否联结在一起。对称 symmetrical 即均衡对称。快速画一个带标签的家谱来巩固这些术语。
5. Education and Achievement | 教育与成就
Sociologists study how education transmits culture and reinforces social inequalities. The formal curriculum includes official subjects like maths and history. The hidden curriculum consists of unwritten lessons such as obedience, punctuality, and competition. Meritocracy is a system where rewards are based on ability and effort, not background. Cultural capital (Bourdieu) refers to cultural knowledge, skills, and tastes that give an advantage in education. Material deprivation involves a lack of physical resources that can hinder achievement.
社会学家研究教育如何传递文化并强化社会不平等。正式课程包括数学、历史等官方科目。隐性课程由服从、守时、竞争等不成文的教导组成。绩优主义是一种根据能力和努力而非出身进行奖励的体制。文化资本（布迪厄）指在教育中能带来优势的文化知识、技能与品味。物质剥夺指物质资源的匮乏，可能阻碍学业成就。
u learn in the corridor. Meritocracy = merit + cracy (rule by). Cultural capital: think of 'cultural wallet' – racy, a race where everyone starts at the same line, for hidden curriculum, a school bell.
记忆技巧：把正式课程想象成一本教科书，隐性课程则是走廊里学到的东西。绩优主义 meritocracy = merit（优点）+ cracy（统治）。文化资本：想象一个“文化钱包”——部分学生带着更多货币进入学校。制作闪卡，将每个概念与图像配对：绩优主义是所有人站在同一起跑线的赛跑，隐性课程是学校铃声。
6. Social Stratification | 社会分层
Social stratification describes the hierarchical arrangement of individuals into social classes or layers. Social class is often based on occupation, income, and wealth. Life chances (Weber) refer to the opportunities individuals have to improve their quality of life, which are heavily influenced by class. Social mobility is the movement of individuals or groups between different class positions – it can be upward or downward, and intergenerational or intragenerational. Poverty can be absolute (lacking basic necessities) or relative (falling below the average standard of living in a society).
社会分层描述个体被划分成社会阶级或层级的高低结构。社会阶级通常基于职业、收入和财富。生活机会（韦伯）指个体改善生活质量的机会，深受阶级影响。社会流动是个体或群体在不同阶级地位间的移动——可向上或向下，可代际或代内。贫困有绝对贫困（缺乏基本必需品）和相对贫困（低于社会平均水平）。
Memory tip: Stratification contains 'strata' like geological layers. Life chances: imagine a ladder where each rung gives you a different view of life. Social mobility: motif of an elevator moving between floors. Use the phrase 'A Relative ladder' to contrast absolute and relative poverty. Organise these terms into a sequence: stratification creates class, which shapes life chances and mobility, and poverty is a consequence.
记忆技巧：分层 stratification 含有“strata”（地层），像地质层级。生活机会：想象一把梯子，每一级给你不同的人生视角。社会流动：电梯在楼层间移动的意象。用“相对梯子”短语区分绝对与相对贫困。将这些术语串成序列：分层产生阶级，阶级塑造生活机会和流动，贫困是其后果。
7. Power, Authority and the State | 权力、权威与国家
Power is the ability to make others do what you want, even against their will. Authority is legitimate power – accepted as right by those who obey. Max Weber identified three types: traditional authority (based on custom), charismatic authority (based on personal qualities), and legal-rational authority (based on rules and laws). The state holds a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force within a territory. Coercion uses force or threats, differing from authority.
权力是使他人按照你的意愿行事的能力，即使违背其意志。权威是合法的权力——被服从者认为正当。韦伯划分了三种类型：传统权威（基于习俗）、魅力权威（基于个人特质）和法理权威（基于规则与法律）。国家在领土内垄断了合法使用武力的权力。强制使用武力或威胁，与权威不同。
ity is like a windmill harnessing that wind legitimately. The three authorities: tradition 'passed down', charisma 'star power', legal-rational 'rulebook'. State = the one with the badge. Use the sentence 'Clever Penguins Adore Learning' wer, Authority, Legitimacy. Build a table to compare coercion and authority with examples.
记忆技巧：权力像原始的风，权威则像风车，合法地利用风力。三种权威：传统是“代代相传”，魅力是“明星力量”，法理是“规则手册”。国家 = 持有徽章的那个。用“聪明的企鹅爱学习”记住 Coercion, Power, Authority, Legitimacy 首字母。建一个表格对比强制与权威并举例。
8. Research Methods Terminology | 研究方法术语
Sociologists use various methods to collect data. Primary data is collected first-hand (e.g. interviews, questionnaires), while secondary data already exists (e.g. official statistics, diaries). Qualitative data deals with meanings and descriptions (words), emphasising depth; quantitative data deals with numbers and statistics, emphasising breadth. Validity means the data gives a true picture of what it claims to measure. Reliability means the study can be repeated and produce consistent results. Sampling is selecting a smaller group from a population; a representative sample mirrors the wider population.
社会学家使用多种方法收集资料。一手数据是亲自收集的（如访谈、问卷），二手数据是已经存在的（如官方统计、日记）。质性数据涉及意义与描述（文字），强调深度；量化数据涉及数字与统计，强调广度。效度指数据真实反映了所宣称测量的内容。信度指研究可重复并获得一致结果。抽样是从总体中抽取一个小群体；代表性样本能反映更广泛总体的特征。
Memory tip: Primary = your own eyes and ears; secondary = someone else' es. Qualitative = quality (descriptions); quantitative = quantity (numbers). Validity asks 'Is it valid? Is it true?'; reliability asks 'Can we rely on it again?'. Sample is a slice of the population cake. Use mnemonics: 'V for Validity, V for Veracity' and 'R for Reliability, R for Repeat'. Draw a sampling cake diagram.
记忆技巧：一手数据 = 自己的眼睛耳朵；二手数据 = 别人的眼睛。质性 = 品质（描述）；量化 = 数量（数字）。效度问“有效吗？真实吗？”；信度问“能再依赖吗？”。样本是总体蛋糕的一块。用助记：“效度 V 验证真实性”，“信度 R 重复可靠”。画一个抽样蛋糕图。
9. Sociological Perspectives | 社会学视角
A perspective is a way of seeing society. Functionalism sees society as a system of interconnected parts working together to maintain stability, like the organs in a body. Marxism (conflict theory) focuses on class conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat. Feminism examines gender inequality and patriarchy (male dominance). Interactionism takes a micro approach, focusing on small-scale interactions and meanings, such as labelling – the process of attaching a definition to someone, which can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy.
视角是看待社会的一种方式。功能主义将社会视为相互关联的各部分协同维持稳定的系统，如同身体的器官。马克思主义（冲突理论）关注资产阶级与无产阶级之间的阶级冲突。女权主义研究性别不平等和父权制（男性主导）。互动论采取微观取向，聚焦小规模互动与意义，例如贴标签——给某人贴上某种定义的过程，这可能导致自我实现预言。
Memory tip: Functionalism = body analogy; remember 'function' re keeps society healthy. Marxism: picture two boxing gloves, red corner bourgeoisie, blue corner proletariat. Feminism focuses on 'F' l someone they are clever, they become clever. Link each perspective to an icon or colour and use a comparison table.
记忆技巧：功能主义 = 身体类比；记“功能”维持社会健康。马克思主义：想象两副拳击手套，红角资产阶级，蓝角无产阶级。女权主义聚焦“F”，追求女性公平。互动论像显微镜放大日常交谈。贴标签：给人贴上便利贴。自我实现预言：告诉某人聪明，他们就变聪明。将每个视角与图标或颜色链接，并使用比较表格。
10. Memory Techniques Toolkit | 记忆技巧工具箱
Combine smart techniques for lasting recall. Use acronyms (e.g. NVS for culture) and acrostics (silly sentences). Chunking: group related terms into categories like 'family terms' or 'method terms'. Mind maps visually organise concepts with branches and colours. Flashcards with a term on one side and definition plus image on the other are excellent for self-testing. Try the Feynman Technique: teach the term to someone else in simple language. Apply spaced repetition: review terms after one day, three days, a week. Finally, write personal examples connecting each term to your own life – this anchors abstract ideas firmly.
结合多种技巧实现持久记忆。使用首字母缩略词（如 NVS 记文化）和藏头句（滑稽句子）。组块：将相关术语归类，如“家庭术语”或“方法术语”。思维导图用分支和色彩视觉化组织概念。闪卡一面写术语，另一面写定义和图像，非常适合自测。尝试费曼技巧：用简单语言把术语教给别人。运用间隔重复：在一天后、三天后、一周后复习。最后，写出个人化例子，将每个术语与自己的生活联系起来——这能将抽象概念牢固锚定。
Quick routine: pick five new terms a day, create a mnemonic, draw a doodle, explain aloud, and test yourself before sleeping. Over a week, you will master the entire Year 10 WJEC vocabulary without stressful cramming.
快速常规：每天选五个新术语，编一个助记，画一幅涂鸦，口头解释，睡前自测。一周内你就能无忧地掌握所有十年级 WJEC 社会学词汇，无需压力突击。
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