📚 Year 10 CAIE Music: Quick Guide to Memorising Terminology | Year 10 CAIE 音乐：词汇术语速记指南
In the CAIE IGCSE Music course, a confident grasp of Italian, French, and English musical terms is essential for describing what you hear and for performing with style. This guide groups terminology by concept, offers practical memory aids, and highlights the most commonly tested terms so that you can revise efficiently and walk into your exam feeling prepared.
在 CAIE IGCSE 音乐课程中，熟练掌握意大利语、法语和英语的音乐术语对于听辨描述和风格性演奏至关重要。本指南将术语按概念分组，提供实用的记忆方法，并突出最常考的词汇，帮助你高效复习，自信应考。
1. Dynamics | 力度术语
Dynamics indicate how loudly or softly music should be played. CAIE listening questions often ask you to identify sudden or gradual changes in volume, so you must be able to recognise both the written abbreviations and the full Italian forms.
力度指示音乐应当奏得多响或多轻。CAIE 听力问题常要求你辨认音量的突然或渐进变化，因此你必须能认出缩略词和完整的意大利语形式。
The core static markings are pianissimo (pp) – very soft, piano (p) – soft, mezzo piano (mp) – moderately soft, mezzo forte (mf) – moderately loud, forte (f) – loud, and fortissimo (ff) – very loud. For changing dynamics, remember crescendo (cresc.) meaning gradually getting louder, and diminuendo (dim.) or decrescendo (decresc.) for gradually getting softer. An accented single note is marked sforzando (sfz), a sudden strong emphasis.
基本的静态标记有 pianissimo (pp) 意为很弱，piano (p) 弱，mezzo piano (mp) 中弱，mezzo forte (mf) 中强，forte (f) 强，fortissimo (ff) 很强。力度变化方面，记住 crescendo (cresc.) 表示渐强，diminuendo (dim.) 或 decrescendo (decresc.) 表示渐弱。单个音符的重音标为 sforzando (sfz)，表示突强。
Visualise the 'p' as a tiny whisper and 'f' as a big shout; crescendo expands like an opening cone, while diminuendo shrinks. Linking the image of expanding and contracting shapes to the symbols helps you recall the terms instantly in an exam.
把 'p' 想象成轻声细语，把 'f' 想成大声呼喊；渐强像打开的圆锥体，渐弱则收缩。将形状的扩张与收缩与符号联系起来，能帮助你在考试中瞬间回想起这些术语。
2. Tempo Markings | 速度标记
Tempo terms describe the speed of the music. The CAIE syllabus expects you to know a range of standard Italian tempo words and the meaning of tempo-change instructions. Grouping them from slow to fast makes memorisation much simpler.
速度术语描述音乐的速率。CAIE 大纲要求你掌握一系列标准的意大利语速度词，以及速度变化指令的含义。将术语从慢到快分组，记忆会简单许多。
Largo – very slow and broad, Lento – slow, Adagio – at a slow, leisurely pace, Andante – at a walking pace, Moderato – moderate speed, Allegretto – slightly cheerful and fairly quick, Allegro – fast and lively, Vivace – lively and brisk, Presto – very fast, Prestissimo – as fast as possible. For gradual changes, accelerando (accel.) means getting faster and ritardando (rit.) or rallentando (rall.) means getting slower. A tempo tells the performer to return to the original speed.
Largo – 非常慢而宽广，Lento – 慢，Adagio – 缓慢悠闲的速度，Andante – 步行速度，Moderato – 中速，Allegretto – 稍欢快、较快，Allegro – 快速活泼，Vivace – 生机勃勃，Presto – 很快，Prestissimo – 极速。关于渐变，accelerando (accel.) 表示渐快，ritardando (rit.) 或 rallentando (rall.) 表示渐慢。A tempo 指示回到原速。
Rubato deserves special attention because it means 'robbed time' – a flexible, expressive pushing and pulling of the tempo without changing the overall pulse. It is often tested in Romantic repertoire questions.
Rubato 值得特别关注，因为它意为“被偷走的时间”——它指在基本拍子不变的情况下，弹性地、有表现力地拉伸或压缩速度。浪漫主义作品相关题目中经常考查这个术语。
Imagine a staircase of speed: Largo at the bottom step, Allegro on the middle landing, Presto at the top. Accelerando is a forward sprint, ritardando a gentle brake. Create a short story linking each term to its place on the staircase, and the order will stick.
想象一座速度阶梯：Largo 在最下面，Allegro 在中间平台，Presto 在顶端。Accelerando 是向前冲刺，ritardando 是轻柔刹车。编一个把每个术语与阶梯位置联系起来的小故事，顺序就牢牢记住了。
3. Expression and Style Indications | 表情与风格指示
Expression marks convey the character or mood of a passage. They are among the most frequently misunderstood terms because they sound alike, yet they are crucial for describing the emotional content of a piece.
表情记号传达一段音乐的性格或情绪。由于发音相近，这些术语常被混淆，然而它们对于描述作品的情感内容至关重要。
Cantabile – in a singing style, Dolce – sweetly, Espressivo – expressively, Giocoso – playfully, Maestoso – majestically, Tranquillo – calmly, Agitato – agitated, Con brio – with vigour, Con fuoco – with fire, Leggiero – lightly, Pesante – heavy and ponderous, Scherzando – playfully or jokingly, Sostenuto – sustained, Tenuto – held for full value.
Cantabile – 如歌地，Dolce – 甜美地，Espressivo – 富有表情地，Giocoso – 欢乐地，Maestoso – 庄严地，Tranquillo – 安静地，Agitato – 激动地，Con brio – 充满活力地，Con fuoco – 如火般热烈地，Leggiero – 轻盈地，Pesante – 沉重地，Scherzando – 嬉戏地，Sostenuto – 绵延地，Tenuto – 充分保持时值地。
Pay close attention to the English cognates: 'cantabile' links to 'cantata' (sung), 'dolce' to 'dulcet', 'agitato' to 'agitated'. Once you draw these links, the Italian term will instantly spark the right feeling in your mind.
留心英语同源词：'cantabile' 与 'cantata'（歌唱的）相关，'dolce' 与 'dulcet'（悦耳的）相似，'agitato' 与 'agitated' 相通。建立这些联系后，意大利术语就会立即在你脑中唤起正确的情感。
Listening practice is key: when you hear a majestic brass passage, think 'maestoso'; when strings float lightly, mark 'leggiero'. Associate specific pieces or sound clips with each term so that your ear and memory work together.
听力练习是关键：当你听到庄严的铜管乐段，要联想到 'maestoso'；当弦乐轻盈漂浮时，记下 'leggiero'。将具体的作品或音响片段与每个术语关联起来，让耳朵和记忆同步运作。
4. Articulation | 演奏法标记
Articulation describes how individual notes are attacked, connected, or separated. It affects the texture and character of the music and is a favourite topic in score-reading questions.
演奏法描述单个音符是如何起奏、连接或分离的。它影响音乐的织体与性格，是读谱题中的热门考点。
| Term | Symbol / Meaning | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| Staccato | Dot above/below note – short and detached | 断奏 |
| Staccatissimo | Wedge-shaped mark – very short and sharply detached | 特断奏 |
| Legato | Slur – smoothly connected notes | 连奏 |
| Portato | Dash under a slur – slightly separated but under a phrase | 半连奏 |
| Marcato | Accent with emphasis – marked and stressed | 着重、强调的 |
The table above groups the five most common articulation marks. Staccato chops the sound, legato blends it, and marcato punches it out. Think of staccato as bouncing a ping-pong ball, legato as pouring honey, and marcato as hammering a nail. These physical metaphors make the terms almost impossible to forget.
上表汇总了五种最常见的演奏法标记。断奏将声音断开，连奏使声音融合，着重记号则重击而出。把断奏想象成弹跳的乒乓球，连奏像倾倒蜂蜜，着重音像钉钉子。这些具象比喻让术语变得几乎不可能忘记。
In your exam, when you spot a dot, a slur, or an accent over a note, immediately use the correct Italian term rather than an English paraphrase; this earns precision marks.
考试中，当你看到音符上有点、连线或重音记号时，要立刻使用正确的意大利语术语，而非英语意译；这能为你赢得准确性分数。
5. Texture Terms | 织体术语
Texture describes how the different melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic layers of a piece interact. It is one of the most common 'describe the music' prompts in the CAIE listening paper.
织体描述作品中不同的旋律、节奏与和声层次如何相互作用。这是 CAIE 听力试卷中最常见的“描述音乐”提示之一。
Monophonic – a single unaccompanied melodic line. Homophonic – one main melody with chordal accompaniment moving in the same rhythm. Polyphonic – two or more independent melodies woven together. Heterophonic – simultaneous variations of a single melody. Other important textural terms include melody and accompaniment, call and response, canon (strict imitation), imitation (a freer melodic echo), and drone – a sustained or repeated note, usually on the tonic or dominant.
Monophonic（单声部织体） – 单条无伴奏旋律线。Homophonic（主调织体） – 一条主旋律配以节奏相同的和弦伴奏。Polyphonic（复调织体） – 两条及以上独立旋律交织。Heterophonic（支声织体） – 同一条旋律的多种变体同时出现。其他重要的织体术语包括 melody and accompaniment（旋律与伴奏）、call and response（呼应）、canon（卡农，严格模仿）、imitation（模仿，较自由的旋律回应）以及 drone（持续低音） —— 持续或重复的音，通常在主音或属音上。
Visualising material helps: monophony is a single thread, homophony a thicker rope with one bold strand, polyphony a braid of equal strands. When listening, ask 'How many distinct layers do I hear, and are they equal or subordinate?' This habit will speed up your textural analysis enormously.
形象化的比喻很有用：单声部是一条线，主调是一根亮色股绳为主、其他股支撑的粗绳，复调是均等股绳编成的辫子。聆听时，问自己“我听到几个不同的层次？它们是平等的还是从属的？”这个习惯会极大加速你的织体分析。
6. Structure and Form | 结构与曲式
Understanding the architecture of a piece is vital for extended responses. CAIE frequently asks you to identify the form of an extract and describe how the material is organised.
理解作品的架构对扩展性回答至关重要。CAIE 常要求你识别选段的曲式并描述音乐材料是如何组织的。
Binary (AB) – two related sections, often repeated. Ternary (ABA) – a home section, a contrasting middle, and a return of the first section. Rondo (ABACA or ABACABA) – a recurring main theme alternates with contrasting episodes. Theme and variations – a theme is presented and then altered in successive sections. Vocal forms include strophic (same music for every verse) and through-composed (different music for each stanza). Larger instrumental structures such as sonata form (exposition, development, recapitulation) and minuet and trio also appear in Year 10 study of Classical repertoire.
Binary（二段体，AB） – 两个相关乐段，常各自反复。Ternary（三段体，ABA） – 开始部分，对比中段，然后再现第一部分。Rondo（回旋曲，ABACA 或 ABACABA） – 一个主部主题反复出现，其间插入对比插部。Theme and variations（主题与变奏） – 先呈示主题，随后各段对其进行变化。声乐形式包括 strophic（分节歌，各段歌词配相同音乐）和 through-composed（通谱歌，每一段歌词配不同的音乐）。在十年级古典作品学习中还会遇到更大的器乐结构，如 sonata form（奏鸣曲式：呈示部、展开部、再现部）和 minuet and trio（小步舞曲与中段）。
Make a set of letter-label flashcards. Draw AB, ABA, ABACA as coloured blocks. Whenever you listen to an unfamiliar extract, try to label sections with letters. This active practice builds speed and accuracy for the exam.
制作一套字母标记的闪卡，用彩色方块画出 AB、ABA、ABACA。每当你听一段不熟悉的选段时，尝试用字母标记乐段。这种主动性练习可以提升考试时的速度与准确度。
7. Melodic and Harmonic Description | 旋律与和声描述
Describing a melody involves its shape, range, and construction, while harmony looks at the chords and their relationships. Both areas use specific terminology that you must use accurately.
描述旋律涉及其轮廓、音域和构造，而和声则关注和弦及其关系。这两部分都需要你准确使用特定的术语。
Melodic terms: conjunct – stepwise motion; disjunct – movement by leaps; chromatic – using notes outside the key; diatonic – staying within the key; sequence – pattern repeated at a higher or lower pitch; ostinato – persistently repeated motif; motif – a short distinctive melodic or rhythmic cell; phrase – a musical sentence; cadenza – a virtuosic solo passage near the end of a movement. For harmony: consonance – pleasing, stable chord; dissonance – tense, clashing combination; triad – three-note chord built in thirds; perfect cadence (V–I, sounds finished), imperfect cadence (I–V, paused), plagal cadence (IV–I, 'Amen'), interrupted cadence (V–vi, surprising); modulation – change of key; tonic – first degree of the scale; dominant – fifth degree.
旋律术语：conjunct（级进） – 音阶式进行；disjunct（跳进） – 跳跃进行；chromatic（半音阶的） – 使用了调性外音；diatonic（自然音阶的） – 保持在调内；sequence（模进） – 相同模式在更高或更低音高上重复；ostinato（固定音型） – 顽固地重复的动机；motif（动机） – 短小、富有特征的旋律或节奏细胞；phrase（乐句） – 音乐句子；cadenza（华彩段） – 乐章结尾前炫技的独奏段落。和声方面：consonance（协和） – 悦耳稳定的和弦；dissonance（不协和） – 紧张、冲突的组合；triad（三和弦） – 三度叠置的三音和弦；perfect cadence 完全终止（V–I，听感结束），imperfect cadence 不完全终止（I–V，停顿），plagal cadence 变格终止（IV–I，“阿门”），interrupted cadence 阻碍终止（V–vi，意外）；modulation（转调） – 调性改变；tonic（主音） – 音阶第一级；dominant（属音） – 第五级。
Conjunct vs disjunct is often tested in melody-dictation contexts. Listen for the 'step' (conjunct) or 'skip' (disjunct). For cadences, play a short V-I and IV-I on a keyboard app; the sound 'clicks' and creates a strong aural memory.
级进与跳进经常在旋律听写中考查。听辨“步进”（级进）还是“跳跃”（跳进）。对于终止式，在键盘应用程序上弹奏简短的 V-I 和 IV-I 进行；音响上的“闭合感”会形成强烈的听觉记忆。
8. Instrument Families and Timbre | 乐器家族与音色
Timbre describes the unique quality of a sound that distinguishes one instrument or voice from another. CAIE questions often ask you to name instruments and describe their characteristic tone colours.
音色描述将一个乐器或嗓音与另一个区分开来的独特声音品质。CAIE 考题常要求你说出乐器名称并描述其特有的音色。
The four standard families are strings (violin, viola, cello, double bass, harp), woodwind (flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, piccolo, saxophone), brass (trumpet, French horn, trombone, tuba), and percussion (timpani, snare drum, cymbals, triangle, xylophone, marimba). A fifth category, keyboard (piano, harpsichord, organ), is also relevant. You may need to identify techniques such as pizzicato (plucking strings), arco (bowing), tremolo (rapid repetition), con sordino (with mute), and tutti (full orchestra). For voices: soprano, mezzo-soprano, alto, tenor, baritone, bass, falsetto.
四个标准家族是 弦乐器（小提琴、中提琴、大提琴、低音提琴、竖琴）、木管乐器（长笛、双簧管、单簧管、大管、短笛、萨克斯管）、铜管乐器（小号、圆号、长号、大号）和 打击乐器（定音鼓、小军鼓、钹、三角铁、木琴、马林巴）。第五类 键盘乐器（钢琴、羽管键琴、管风琴）也有相关。你可能需要识别演奏技巧，如 pizzicato（拨弦）、arco（用弓）、tremolo（震音）、con sordino（加弱音器）和 tutti（全奏）。声部方面：soprano（女高音）、mezzo-soprano（女中音）、alto（女低音）、tenor（男高音）、baritone（男中音）、bass（男低音）、falsetto（假声）。
Build a sound-matching habit: play a short excerpt from a well-known orchestral work and label each timbre you hear. Pay special attention to the difference between a clarinet's warm, hollow tone and an oboe's nasal, penetrating quality. These distinctions are frequent exam traps.
养成音声匹配的习惯：播放一段著名管弦乐作品的短片段，为听到的每一种音色做标注。特别留意单簧管温暖、空洞的音色与双簧管带鼻音、穿透力强的音质之间的区别。这些差别是考试中的常见陷阱。
9. Rhythm and Metre Terminology | 节奏与拍号术语
Rhythm and metre underpin the groove of the music. Although some English terms are used, you still need precise vocabulary for time signatures, syncopation, and note values.
节奏与拍子是音乐律动的基础。尽管一些英语术语通用，你仍需精确掌握拍号、切分音和音符时值的词汇。
Simple time – each beat divides into two equal parts (e.g. 2/4, 3/4, 4/4). Compound time – each beat divides into three (e.g. 6/8, 9/8, 12/8). Descriptors for metre include duple (two beats per bar), triple (three), and quadruple (four). Key rhythmic devices: syncopation – emphasis on normally weak beats; hemiola – a temporary shift from compound to simple feel, often in Baroque music; anacrusis – an upbeat or pick-up note before the first full bar; tie – joins two notes of the same pitch; dot – adds half the note's value; triplet – three notes played in the time normally taken by two.
Simple time（单拍子） – 每拍可均分为两部分（如 2/4、3/4、4/4）。Compound time（复拍子） – 每拍可均分为三部分（如 6/8、9/8、12/8）。拍子描述词包括 duple（二拍子）、triple（三拍子）和 quadruple（四拍子）。关键节奏手法：syncopation（切分音） – 在通常的弱拍上加重音；hemiola（赫米奥拉） – 暂时从复拍感切换到单拍感，常见于巴洛克音乐；anacrusis（弱起小节） – 第一个完整小节前的上拍音；tie（延音线） – 连接两个相同音高的音符；dot（附点） – 增加原音符
Published by TutorHao | Year 10 音乐 Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图