📚 Year 10 WJEC Psychology: Key Experimental & Practical Exam Points | 实验与实践考核要点
The WJEC Year 10 Psychology course places a strong emphasis on research methods and practical investigations. The practical examination tests not only your ability to recall key concepts, but also your skills in designing experiments, controlling variables, selecting appropriate analyses and evaluating findings ethically. This bilingual revision guide covers every essential point you need to master, from formulating hypotheses to drawing valid conclusions, with paired explanations in English and Chinese to reinforce your understanding.
WJEC 十年级心理学课程高度重视研究方法和实践调查。实验考核不仅检验你对核心概念的回忆能力，还考察你设计实验、控制变量、选择恰当分析方法以及以符合道德规范的方式评估结果的能力。这本双语复习指南涵盖了你需要掌握的每一个要点，从建立假设到得出有效结论，通过中英对照的解释来强化你的理解。
1. Research Aims and Hypotheses | 研究目的与假设
Every experiment begins with a research aim, a broad statement explaining what you intend to investigate. The aim is not a prediction but rather sets the direction. For example: "To investigate whether background music affects memory recall." From this aim, you derive a hypothesis – a precise, testable statement that predicts the relationship between two variables. In WJEC assessments, you must be able to formulate both a null hypothesis (H₀) and an alternative hypothesis (H₁). The null hypothesis states that there will be no significant effect or difference, while the alternative hypothesis states that there will be a significant effect or difference.
每项实验都以研究目的为起点，研究目的是一个广泛的陈述，说明你打算调查什么。研究目的不是预测，而是确定方向。例如：“调查背景音乐是否影响记忆回忆。” 基于这个目的，你得出假设——一个精确的、可检验的陈述，预测两个变量之间的关系。在WJEC考核中，你必须能够写出零假设（H₀）和备择假设（H₁）。零假设声称不存在显著的影响或差异，而备择假设声称存在显著的影响或差异。
Hypotheses can be directional or non-directional. A directional (one-tailed) hypothesis predicts the specific direction of the difference, for instance: "Participants who revise with quiet music will score higher on a recall test than those who revise in silence." A non-directional (two-tailed) hypothesis simply predicts a difference, e.g., "There will be a difference in recall scores between participants who revise with music and those who revise in silence." It is vital to identify the independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DV) when constructing your hypothesis, and to make sure the prediction is clearly testable.
假设可以是方向性的或非方向性的。方向性（单尾）假设预测差异的具体方向，例如：“伴随安静音乐复习的参与者在回忆测试中的得分会高于在安静中复习的参与者。” 非方向性（双尾）假设仅仅预测存在差异，例如：“在有音乐复习的参与者和在安静中复习的参与者之间，回忆得分存在差异。” 在构建假设时，识别出自变量（IV）和因变量（DV）并确保预测是明确可检验的至关重要。
2. Types of Experiments | 实验类型
WJEC requires you to distinguish between laboratory experiments, field experiments, natural experiments and quasi-experiments. A laboratory experiment takes place in a tightly controlled environment where the researcher manipulates the independent variable and measures the dependent variable. Field experiments also involve manipulation of the IV but occur in a natural, real-world setting. Natural experiments use a naturally occurring IV (for example, a hurricane or a new government policy) that the researcher simply observes and records. Quasi-experiments are similar, but the IV is a pre-existing characteristic of the participants (such as gender or eye colour), meaning there is no random allocation to conditions.
WJEC要求你区分实验室实验、现场实验、自然实验和准实验。实验室实验在高度控制的环境中进行，研究者操纵自变量并测量因变量。现场实验同样操纵自变量，但是发生在真实的自然环境中。自然实验利用自然发生的自变量（例如一场飓风或一项新政府政策），研究者只是观察和记录。准实验与之类似，但自变量是参与者已有的特征（如性别或眼睛颜色），这意味着不存在随机分配条件。
Each type has strengths and weaknesses. Laboratory experiments offer high internal validity because of
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