📚 Core Knowledge Revision for Year 10 CAIE Geography | Year 10 CAIE 地理：核心知识点梳理
This comprehensive revision guide summarises the essential topics covered in Year 10 of the CAIE IGCSE Geography course. The content is designed to reinforce key concepts and case-study knowledge for examinations. Themes include population dynamics, settlement, plate tectonics, river and coastal processes, weather, climate, economic development, food production, tourism, and environmental risks. Each section provides a bilingual explanation to support both English and Chinese learners.
这份综合复习指南概括了 CAIE IGCSE 地理课程 Year 10 的核心主题，旨在巩固考试所需的关键概念与案例知识。内容涵盖人口动态、聚落、板块构造、河流与海岸作用、天气与气候、经济发展、粮食生产、旅游业及环境风险等。每节提供中英双语讲解，以帮助中英文学习者。
1. Population Dynamics | 人口动态
Population growth is driven by births, deaths and migration. The natural increase rate is the difference between the crude birth rate (CBR) and crude death rate (CDR), usually expressed per 1000 people per year. When birth rates exceed death rates, the population grows naturally; if death rates are higher, natural decrease occurs.
人口增长由出生、死亡和迁移驱动。自然增长率是粗出生率与粗死亡率之差，通常以每年每千人的数值表示。当出生率高于死亡率时，人口自然增长；若死亡率更高，则出现自然减少。
The demographic transition model (DTM) describes four (or five) stages of population change linked to economic development. Stage 1 features high fluctuating birth and death rates, resulting in slow growth. Stage 2 sees a rapid fall in death rates while birth rates remain high, leading to rapid population increase. Stage 3 shows declining birth rates, slowing growth. Stage 4 exhibits low and stable birth and death rates, with population stability. Some models add Stage 5 with natural decrease.
人口转变模型描述了与经济发展相关的四（或五）个人口变化阶段。第一阶段出生率和死亡率高且波动大，增长缓慢。第二阶段死亡率迅速下降，出生率仍高，导致人口快速增长。第三阶段出生率开始下降，增长放缓。第四阶段出生率和死亡率均低且稳定，人口趋于稳定。有些模型增加第五阶段，出现人口自然减少。
Countries adopt policies to manage population growth. An anti-natalist policy, such as China's former one-child policy, aims to reduce birth rates. Pro-natalist policies, like those in France or Singapore, encourage higher fertility through incentives such as parental leave, child benefits and tax breaks.
各国采取政策管理人口增长。抑制生育的政策（例如中国过去的独生子女政策）旨在降低出生率。鼓励生育的政策（如法国或新加坡的政策）通过育儿假、儿童津贴和税收减免等激励措施鼓励提高生育率。
2. Migration | 人口迁移
Migration is the movement of people across a boundary with the intention of permanent or semi-permanent residence. Push factors force people to leave an area (e.g. unemployment, war, natural disasters), while pull factors attract them to a destination (e.g. job opportunities, safety, better climate).
迁移是指人们跨越边界并意图永久或半永久定居的移动。推因素迫使人们离开某地（如失业、战争、自然灾害），拉因素则吸引人们前往目的地（如就业机会、安全、气候更好）。
Internal migration moves within a country, often from rural to urban areas (rural-urban migration) driven by industrialisation. International migration occurs across national borders. Common patterns include labour migration (e.g. from Mexico to the USA) and refugee movements due to conflict or persecution.
国内迁移是在一个国家内部的移动，通常是由工业化驱动的从
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