📚 Psychology Terms: A Year 10 CAIE Memory Guide | Year 10 CAIE 心理学词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the terminology in CAIE IGCSE Psychology is essential for answering exam questions accurately and analysing research effectively. However, the sheer volume of new words — from 'operationalisation' to 'conformity' — can feel overwhelming. This guide offers a structured, bilingual approach to memorising key terms. Each section pairs a clear English definition with a Chinese explanation and a mnemonic hack to lock the concept in your long-term memory. Use these strategies to build a solid vocabulary base and boost your confidence in Year 10 assessments.
掌握CAIE IGCSE心理学中的术语对于准确回答考题、有效分析研究至关重要。然而，“操作化”、“从众”等大量新词汇可能令人望而生畏。本指南提供结构化的双语术语速记法。每个小节都将清晰的英文定义与中文释义配对，并提供一个记忆技巧，帮助将概念牢牢锁入长时记忆。运用这些方法，你将在Year 10评估中建立起扎实的词汇基础并增强信心。
1. Research Fundamentals: IV, DV, and Hypotheses | 研究基础：自变量、因变量与假设
In any experiment, the independent variable (IV) is the factor that the researcher deliberately changes. To recall this instantly, link 'IV' with 'I Vary' or 'I manipulate'. For example, in a study testing whether music affects concentration, the IV is the presence or type of music.
在任何实验中，自变量（IV）是研究者主动改变的因素。为了快速记忆，将“IV”与“I Vary（我来改变）”或“I manipulate（我操控）”联系起来。例如，在一项测试音乐是否影响注意力的研究中，自变量就是音乐的有无或类型。
The dependent variable (DV) is the outcome that is measured; it 'depends' on changes in the IV. A handy mnemonic is 'DV: Data that Varies'. In the music and concentration study, the DV could be the score on a concentration test.
因变量（DV）是被测量的结果，它“取决于”自变量的变化。一个便捷的记忆法是“DV：Data that Varies（变化的数据）”。在音乐与注意力的研究中，因变量可以是注意力测试的分数。
estable prediction about the relationship between the IV and DV. It is often phrased as an 'if–then' statement. Remember: 'Hypothesis = Testable Guess'. For example: ' music, then their concentration test scores will be higher than those who work in silence.'
假设是对于自变量与因变量之间关系的精确、可检验的预测，通常表述为“如果……那么……”的句式。记忆技巧：“假设 = 可检验的猜想”。例如：“如果被试听古典音乐，那么他们的注意力测试分数将高于在安静环境中工作的被试。”
2. Variables in Focus: Control, Confounding, and Extraneous | 聚焦变量：控制变量、混淆变量与额外变量
ol variable is any factor that is kept constant to prevent it from affecting the DV. Think 'Control = Constant'. If you do not control for room temperature, your results might be invalid.
控制变量是为了防止影响因变量而保持恒定的任何因素。记忆技巧：“Control = Constant（恒定）”。如果你不控制室温，实验结果就可能无效。
An extraneous variable is an unwanted factor that could influence the DV if not controlled. It becomes a confounding variable when it actually distorts the results. Visualise a tangled rope: a confound 'confounds' your findings.
额外变量是如果不加以控制就可能影响因变量的多余因素。当它真的歪曲结果时，就变成了混淆变量。想象一团乱麻：混淆因素“confounds”了你的研究发现。
To separate them in your mind: extraneous variables are potential troublemakers; confounding variables are the ones that actually mess up your experiment. Say to yourself: 'Extraneous might; Confounding did.'
在脑海中区分它们：额外变量是潜在的捣乱分子，混淆变量是已经搞砸实验的变量。对自己说：“额外变量可能捣乱，混淆变量已经捣乱。”
3. Operationalisation: Making Variables Measurable | 操作化：让变量可测量
Operationalisation means defining variables in clear, measurable terms. For example, 'aggression' could be operationalised as 'the number of times a child hits a doll'. Without operationalisation, replication is impossible. Mnemonic: 'Operation = exact steps, just like a surgical procedure.'
操作化意味着用清晰、可测量的方式定义变量。例如，可以将“攻击性”操作化为“儿童击打玩偶的次数”。没有操作化，研究就无法重复。记忆技巧：“Operation（操作）= 精确步骤，就像外科手术一样。”
Always ask: 'How will I measure it?' Operationalisation turns abstract constructs (like memory or happiness) into numbers. Remember: 'If you can't measure it, you can't test it.'
永远要问：“我将如何测量它？”操作化把抽象概念（如记忆或幸福感）转化为数字。记住：“如果你不能测量它，你就无法检验它。”
4. Reliability and Validity: The Twin Pillars | 信度与效度：研究的两大支柱
. In psychology, reliable methods produce similar results under the same conditions. Think 'Reliability = Repeatability'.
信度指一致性。如果你连续三次称体重得到相同读数，你的秤就是可靠的（具有信度）。在心理学中，可靠的方法在相同条件下会产生相似的结果。记忆技巧：“信度 = 可重复性”。
Validity means accuracy – claims to measure. A ruler is a valid measure of height but not of intelligence. Remember: 'Validity = Truth.' liable without being valid (e.g., a misaligned scale always gives the same wrong reading).
效度指准确性——一个工具是否测量了它声称要测量的东西。尺子能有效地测量身高，但无法测量智力。记忆技巧：“效度 = 真实性”。一个测试可以具有信度却没有效度（例如，一把刻度不准的秤总给出相同的错误读数）。
To lock both terms in memory, use the dartboard analogy: reliability is getting darts clustered together; validity is hitting the bullseye. You need both for strong research.
为了牢记这两个术语，使用飞镖靶类比：信度是飞镖都聚在一起；效度是命中靶心。扎实的研究需要两者兼备。
5. Sampling Methods: Who Takes Part? | 抽样方法：谁参与研究？
icipants who are simply available, such as classmates. It is quick but often biased. Hack: 'Opportunity = Grab and Go.'
便利抽样（机会抽样）指招募刚好可用的被试，例如同班同学。它快捷但往往有偏差。记忆技巧：“便利 = 随手抓，马上用”。
as an equal chance of being selected, like drawing names from a hat. It reduces bias. Say: 'Random = Lottery.'
随机抽样意味着目标人群中的每个成员被选中的机会均等，就像从帽子里抽名字。它能减少偏差。记忆：“随机 = 抽奖”。
g., after seeing a poster. This can lead to a motivated but unrepresentative sample. Think 'Volunteer = I want to join!'
志愿者（自选）抽样是指个人主动前来，例如看到海报后。这可能导致样本积极性高但不具代表性。记忆：“志愿者 = 我要加入！”
6. Ethical Guidelines: Protecting Participants | 伦理指南：保护被试
The British Psychological Society (BPS) sets ethical principles: informed consent, deception avoidance, debriefing, right to withdraw, confidentiality, and protection from physical and psychological harm. Memorise them as the '6 Ethical Shields': CONSENT, NO DECEPTION, DEBRIEF, WITHDRAW, CONFIDENTIALITY, PROTECTION.
英国心理学会（BPS）制定了伦理原则
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