📚 Year 10 WJEC Science: Quick Guide to Key Vocabulary & Terms | 10年级 WJEC 科学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the specialist vocabulary in Year 10 WJEC Science is like learning a new language – once you crack the code, the whole subject becomes clearer. This guide breaks down the essential terms across biology, chemistry and physics, and equips you with memory tricks that actually work.
掌握 10 年级 WJEC 科学中的专业词汇就像学习一门新语言——一旦你破解了其中的密码，整个学科都会变得更加清晰。本指南将分解生物、化学和物理中的核心术语，并为你提供真正有效的记忆技巧。
1. Why Vocabulary Is the Hidden Key to WJEC Science | 为什么词汇是打开 WJEC 科学的隐藏钥匙
Many students lose marks not because they don't understand a concept, but because they can't use the correct scientific term in an exam answer. The WJEC mark schemes are precise: they look for keywords like 'diffusion' not 'spreading out', or 'exothermic' not 'it gets hot'. Building a strong vocabulary bank early saves time and boosts confidence when tackling 6-mark questions.
许多学生丢分并不是因为不理解概念，而是因为考试答案中无法使用正确的科学术语。WJEC 的评分标准非常精确：他们寻找的是像 'diffusion' 而非 'spreading out'，或 'exothermic' 而非 'it gets hot' 这样的关键词。尽早建立一个牢固的词汇库能节省时间，并在应对 6 分大题时增强信心。
A helpful approach is to treat each new term as a definition + example + visual image. The more connections you build around a word, the easier it is to recall under pressure.
一个有用的方法是将每个新术语当作一个“定义 + 例子 + 视觉形象”来对待。你围绕一个词建立的关联越多，在压力下回忆起来就越容易。
2. Biology: Cell Structure & Function | 生物：细胞结构与功能
Start with the basics: 'organelle' refers to any specialised structure inside a cell that has a specific job. The nucleus contains DNA, mitochondria carry out aerobic respiration, and ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis. In plants, chloroplasts absorb light for photosynthesis and the permanent vacuole stores cell sap. Remember that only plant cells also have a cell wall made of cellulose.
从基础开始：'organelle' 指的是细胞内任何具有特定功能的结构。细胞核含有 DNA，线粒体进行有氧呼吸，核糖体是蛋白质合成的场所。在植物中，叶绿体吸收光能进行光合作用，永久液泡储存细胞液。请记住，只有植物细胞还具有由纤维素构成的细胞壁。
A common exam mistake is confusing 'cell membrane' with 'cell wall'. The membrane is selectively permeable and present in all cells; the wall is rigid, fully permeable, and only in plants, fungi and bacteria.
一个常见的考试错误是混淆 'cell membrane' 和 'cell wall'。细胞膜具有选择透过性，存在于所有细胞中；细胞壁则是刚性的，完全可渗透，只存在于植物、真菌和细菌中。
- Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance where chemical reactions happen / 细胞质：发生化学反应的胶状物质
- Eukaryotic: cells with a true nucleus (animals, plants) / 真核的：具有真正细胞核的细胞（动物、植物）
- Prokaryotic: cells without a nucleus (bacteria) / 原核的：没有细胞核的细胞（细菌）
3. Biology: Exchange & Transport | 生物：交换与运输
'Diffusion' is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient. 'Osmosis' is just diffusion but specifically for water molecules across a partially permeable membrane. And 'active transport' is the only one that moves substances against the concentration gradient, using energy from respiration.
'扩散' 是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动，顺浓度梯度进行。'渗透' 只是扩散的一种，但专门指水分子通过部分渗透膜的过程。而 '主动运输' 是唯一逆浓度梯度移动物质的运输方式，需要呼吸作用提供的能量。
Picture diffusion as a crowd of people leaving a busy room for a quiet one. Osmosis is like water moving through a sieve, while active transport is like an escalator moving people upwards – it requires an energy input.
把扩散想象成一群人从拥挤的房间走到安静的房间。渗透就像水通过筛子移动，而主动运输则像自动扶梯把人向上运送——它需要能量输入。
4. Biology: Photosynthesis & Respiration | 生物：光合作用与呼吸作用
Photosynthesis is the endothermic reaction where plants use carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen, using light energy. The word equation is:
光合作用是吸热反应，植物利用二氧化碳和水，在光能的作用下产生葡萄糖和氧气。文字方程式为：
carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
The balanced symbol equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂. Remember, it is endothermic because light energy is absorbed.
平衡的符号方程式：6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂。请记住，它是吸热的，因为光能被吸收。
Aerobic respiration is the exothermic release of energy from glucose in the presence of oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water. Its symbol equation is essentially the reverse: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O. Memorise the pair together; one stores energy, the other releases it.
有氧呼吸是在有氧气存在的情况下，从葡萄糖中释放能量的放热反应，产生二氧化碳和水。它的符号方程式基本上是相反的：C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O。把这两个方程式成对记忆；一个储存能量，另一个释放能量。
5. Chemistry: Atoms, Elements & Compounds | 化学：原子、元素与化合物
An 'atom' is the smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction. An 'element' is a substance made of only one type of atom, while a 'compound' consists of two or more different elements chemically bonded together. A 'mixture' is different – the components are not chemically joined and can be separated by physical methods.
'原子' 是能参与化学反应的一种元素的最小粒子。'元素' 是仅由一种类型原子组成的物质，而 '化合物' 是由两种或多种不同元素通过化学键结合在一起的物质。'混合物' 则不同——其成分没有通过化学键结合，可以用物理方法分离。
The periodic table arranges elements in order of increasing atomic number. 'Groups' are vertical columns where elements have similar properties; 'periods' are horizontal rows. Metals are on the left, non-metals on the right.
周期表按照原子序数递增的顺序排列元素。'族' 是纵列，同一族的元素具有相似的性质；'周期' 是横行。金属在左边，非金属在右边。
6. Chemistry: Bonding & Structure | 化学：键合与结构
Ionic bonding occurs between a metal and a non-metal, where electrons are transferred, forming oppositely charged ions that attract each other. Covalent bonding happens between non-metal atoms that share pairs of electrons. Metallic bonding involves a sea of delocalised electrons around positive metal ions.
离子键发生在金属和非金属之间，电子发生转移，形成带相反电荷的离子，彼此相互吸引。共价键发生在非金属原子之间，它们共用电子对。金属键则涉及带正电的金属离子周围自由移动的电子海。
To remember ionic vs covalent: 'I' from ionic = 'I' take an electron away (transfer); 'CO' from covalent = 'CO-operate' by sharing. For giant covalent structures like diamond or graphite, think 'giant' = huge network of covalent bonds, giving them very high melting points.
记忆离子键与共价键：ionic 中的 'I' = 'I' take an electron away (我把电子拿走，即转移)；covalent 中的 'CO' = 'CO-operate' (合作共用)。对于像金刚石或石墨这样的巨型共价结构，想象 'giant' = 庞大的共价键网络，使它们具有很高的熔点。
7. Physics: Forces & Motion | 物理：力与运动
A 'force' is a push or pull that can change an object's shape, speed or direction. It is measured in newtons (N). 'Mass' is the amount of matter in an object (kg), while 'weight' is the force due to gravity, calculated by W = m × g, where g ≈ 10 N/kg on Earth. Never confuse mass and weight – mass does not change with location, weight does.
'力' 是一种推或拉，可以改变物体的形状、速度或方向，单位是牛顿 (N)。'质量' 是物体所含物质的量 (kg)，而 '重量' 是由重力产生的力，计算公式为 W = m × g，地球上 g ≈ 10 N/kg。切勿混淆质量和重量——质量不随位置改变，重量则会。
'Velocity' is speed in a given direction. 'Acceleration' is the rate of change of velocity. Newton's Second Law states F = m × a mass × acceleration. This means that for the same force, a smaller mass accelerates more.
'速度' 是给定方向上的速率。'加速度' 是速度变化的快慢。牛顿第二定律指出 F = m × a，即力 = 质量 × 加速度。这意味着施加相同的力时，质量越小，加速度越大。
8. Physics: Energy & Waves | 物理：能量与波
Energy is measured in joules (J) and can be stored in different ways: kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic, thermal, chemical, nuclear. 'Conservation of energy' means energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred, stored or dissipated (spread out, often as heat).
能量以焦耳 (J) 为单位，可以以不同方式储存：动能、重力势能、弹性势能、热能、化学能、核能。'能量守恒' 意味着能量不能被创造或消灭，只能转移、储存或耗散（扩散出去，通常成为热能）。
Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. In a transverse wave (e.g. light, water ripples), oscillations are perpendicular to wave direction. In a longitudinal wave (e.g. sound), oscillations are parallel. The 'amplitude' is the height from the rest position, related to energy; 'frequency' is the number of waves per second (Hz).
波传递能量而不传递物质。在横波（如光、水波纹）中，振动方向与波的传播方向垂直。在纵波（如声音）中，振动方向与传播方向平行。'振幅' 是从平衡位置算起的高度，与能量有关；'频率' 是每秒通过的波数 (Hz)。
wave speed (v) = frequency (f) × wavelength (λ)
Use the mnemonic 'Very Fast Whales' to remember v = f × λ.
使用记忆法 'Very Fast Whales' 来记住 v = f × λ。
9. Working Scientifically: Variables & Data | 科学探究：变量与数据
The 'independent variable' is the one you change; the 'dependent variable' is what you measure; and 'control variables' are kept the same to ensure a fair test. A 'hypothesis' is a testable prediction, often phrased as 'If... then... because...'. 'Reliable' results come from repeats and averaging; 'valid' experiments test what you intend to test.
'自变量' 是你改变的那个变量；'因变量' 是你测量的那个量；'控制变量' 要保持不变，以确保公平测试。'假设' 是可检验的预测，常表述为“如果……那么……因为……”。'可靠' 的结果来自重复实验并取平均值；'有效' 的实验测试的正是你打算测试的内容。
Precision is about the smallest scale division on your instrument (e.g. a thermometer reading to 0.5°C is more precise than one reading to 1°C). Accuracy is how close your reading is to the true value.
精确度关乎仪器的最小刻度（例如读数可精确到 0.5°C 的温度计比只精确到 1°C 的更精确）。准确度是你的读数与真实值的接近程度。
10. Clever Memory Hacks for Science Terms | 科学术语的巧妙记忆技巧
Break long words into roots: 'photo-' means light, 'synthesis' means putting together → photosynthesis = putting together with light. '-lysis' means splitting → hydrolysis = splitting with water. 'Therm-' endothermic = enter heat. Learning common prefixes and suffixes slashes memorisation time.
将长单词拆分为词根：'photo-' 意为光，'synthesis' 意为组合在一起 → 光合作用 = 用光组合。'-lysis' 意为分裂 → 水解 = 用水分裂。'Therm-' 意为热 → 放热 = 热量出来，吸热 = 热量进入。学习常见前缀和后缀可以大幅减少记忆时间。
| Prefix/Suffix | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| a- / an- | without, not | anaerobic (without oxygen) |
| bio- | life | biology, biomass |
| hyper- / hypo- | above / below | hypertonic, hypotonic |
| mono- / poly- | one / many | monomer, polymer |
Create vivid mental images: for an 'enzyme', imagine a lock (active site) and a key (substrate). Remember the 'induced fit' model as a glove that changes shape as you put your hand in. For the reactivity series, use the classic mnemonic "Please Stop Calling Me A Crazy Zebra, I Love Cute Snails" (Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Aluminium, Carbon, Zinc, Iron, Lead, Copper, Silver) – but make up your own if it sticks better.
创建生动的心理图像：对于 '酶'，想象一把锁（活性位点）和一把钥匙（底物）。将 '诱导契合' 模型记作一只随着你把手放进去而改变形状的手套。对于金属活动性顺序，可以用经典记忆法，但最好自己编一个能记住的口诀。
11. Common Confusions & Exam Traps | 常见混淆与考试陷阱
The WJEC exam frequently tests the difference between 'accuracy' and 'precision', 'repeatable' and 'reproducible'. 'Repeatable' means you get similar results when you repeat the experiment yourself; 'reproducible' means a different person using a different method gets similar results. Also, don't mix up 'thermal decomposition' (breaking down using heat) with 'combustion' (burning in oxygen).
WJEC 考试经常考察 'accuracy' 和 'precision'，'repeatable' 和 'reproducible' 的区别。'Repeatable' 指你自己重复实验得到相似结果；'reproducible' 指不同的人用不同的方法也能得到相似结果。另外，不要将 'thermal decomposition'（用热分解）和 'combustion'（在氧气中燃烧）混为一谈。
In physics, 'speed' is scalar (no direction), 'velocity' is vector (has direction). In chemistry, an 'ion' is a charged particle formed by gaining or losing electrons; an 'isotope' is an atom of the same element with a different number of neutrons. Spot the difference early.
在物理中，'speed' 是标量（无方向），'velocity' 是矢量（有方向）。在化学中，'ion' 是通过得失电子形成的带电粒子；'isotope' 是质子数相同但中子数不同的同种元素原子。尽早识清区别。
12. Your Vocabulary Study Routine | 你的词汇学习流程
Successful students review vocabulary in short, spaced sessions rather than last-minute cramming. Use flashcards – write the term on one side and definition + diagram on the other. Test yourself by reading the definition and recalling the term, not just the other way around. This builds the active retrieval you need for exam questions.
成功的学生会用短时间、间隔性的复习而不是临阵磨枪来积累词汇。使用闪卡——一面写术语，另一面写定义和图示。通过阅读定义回忆术语来测试自己，而不是仅仅从术语想起定义。这能建立起你在考试答题时所需的主动回忆能力。
Try to use new terms in full sentences when answering practice questions. Instead of "it gets hot", write "the reaction is exothermic, releasing thermal energy to the surroundings". Train your brain to speak the language of science.
在解答练习题时，尽量将新术语用在完整的句子中。不要写“它变热了”，而应写“该反应是放热的，向周围环境释放热能”。训练你的大脑用科学的语言来表达。
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