📚 Year 10 CAIE Economics: Essential Terminology Memorisation Guide | Year 10 CAIE 经济：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key economic terminology is the first step towards excelling in your Year 10 CAIE Economics exam. This guide provides effective memorisation techniques, mnemonics, and logical groupings to help you recall essential terms quickly and accurately.
掌握关键经济术语是在 Year 10 CAIE 经济考试中取得优异成绩的第一步。本指南提供有效的记忆技巧、助记法和逻辑归类，帮助你快速准确地记住核心术语。
1. Scarcity and the Basic Economic Problem | 稀缺与基本经济问题
Scarcity is the fundamental economic problem: finite resources cannot satisfy all infinite human wants. A simple memory hook is "Scarce means not enough for everyone".
稀缺性是基本经济问题：有限的资源无法满足无限的欲望。一个简单的记忆挂钩是 "Scarce 意味着不够所有人用"。
The basic economic question "What to produce, How to produce, and For whom to produce?" arises directly from scarcity. Think "WHW" to recall the three questions every economy must answer.
"生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产" 这个基本经济问题直接源于稀缺性。用 "WHW" 记住这三个每个经济体都必须回答的问题。
water, shelter; wants are luxuries or desires beyond survival. Distinguish them by linking "need = necessary for life" and "want = wish beyond basic survival".
必需品是食物、水、住所等生存所需；欲望是超出生存的奢侈或愿望。区分方法：将 "need" 与 "生命必需" 联系，"want" 与 "超出基本生存的愿望" 联系。
Because of scarcity, individuals, firms, and governments face trade-offs and must make choices. Whenever a choice is made, something is given up – this leads to opportunity cost.
由于稀缺性，个人、企业和政府都面临权衡并必须做出选择。每当做出选择时，都会放弃某些东西——这就引出了机会成本。
2. Opportunity Cost and the Production Possibility Curve | 机会成本与生产可能性曲线
st is the value of the next best alternative forgone when a choice is made. Memorise it as "OC = the missed option you valued most".
机会成本是做出选择时所放弃的次优选项的价值。记作 "OC = 你最看重却错过的选项"。
The Production Possibility Curve (PPC) shows the maximum possible output combinations of two goods an economy can produce when all resources are fully and efficiently employed. Visualise a bow-shaped curve; points inside it are inefficient, points on it are efficient, and points outside are unattainable.
生产可能性曲线（PPC）显示一个经济体在资源充分利用且高效时所能生产的两种商品最大产量组合。想象一条弓形曲线，曲线内的点表示无效率，曲线上的点表示有效率，曲线外的点目前无法达到。
re PPC signals economic growth, often due to better technology or more resources. Remember "Outward shift = growth".
沿 PPC 移动反映了机会成本：要生产更多一种商品，就必须牺牲一些另一种商品。整个 PPC 向外移动表示经济增长，通常源于技术进步或资源增加。记住 "向外移动 = 增长"。
3. Factors of Production and Their Rewards | 生产要素及其报酬
The four factors of production are Land (natural resources), Labour (human effort), Capital (man-made tools, machinery, and buildings), and Enterprise (risk-taking and organisation). Use the acronym "CELL" – Capital, Enterprise, Land, Labour – or "LLCE" to keep them in order.
四种生产要素是土地（自然资源）、劳动力（人的努力）、资本（人造工具、机器和建筑）和企业精神（承担风险和组织能力）。可以用缩写 "CELL" 或 "LLCE" 来记忆。
Each factor earns a unique reward: Land earns Rent, Labour earns Wages, Capital earns Interest, and Enterprise earns Profit. A quick mnemonic is "Rent-Wages-Interest-Profit" or the playful phrase "Rich Workers Invest Profits".
每种要素获得不同的报酬：土地得到地租，劳动得到工资，资本得到利息，企业精神得到利润。一个快速助记法是 "地租-工资-利息-利润" 或趣味短语 "Rich Workers Invest Profits"。
Because resources are scarce, how these factors are combined determines a country’s productive capacity. Factor mobility refers to how easily they can be moved between uses: land is geographically immobile, while capital can be mobile in the long run.
由于资源稀缺，这些要素的组合方式决定了一个国家的生产能力。要素流动性指它们在不同用途间转移的难易程度：土地在地理上不易流动，而资本长期内可以流动。
4. Demand and the Demand Curve | 需求与需求曲线
Demand is the quantity of a good consumers are willing and able to buy at various prices over a certain period. The law of demand states that, ceteris paribus, price and quantity demanded are inversely related. Think "Demand curve always slopes Down".
需求是消费者在一定时期内，在不同价格下愿意并且能够购买的商品数量。需求定律指出，在其他条件不变时，价格与需求量呈反向关系。想想 "需求曲线总是向下倾斜 (Downwards)"。
A movement along the demand curve occurs only when the good's own price changes: an extension is an increase in quantity demanded due to a fall in price, and a contraction is a decrease due to a rise in price.
只有商品自身价格变化才会引起沿需求曲线移动：价格下降导致需求量增加叫延伸，价格上升导致需求量减少叫收缩。
Shifts of the entire demand curve are caused by non-price determinants. Use the mnemonic "PASIFIC": Population, Advertising, Substitutes (price of), Income, Fashion/tastes, Interest rates (for credit purchases), Complements (price of). Each factor can increase demand (shift right) or decrease demand (shift left).
整个需求曲线的移动由非价格决定因素引起。用助记法 "PASIFIC"：人口、广告、替代品价格、收入、时尚/偏好、利率（针对信贷消费）、互补品价格。每个因素都能使需求增加（右移）或减少（左移）。
5. Supply and the Supply Curve | 供给与供给曲线
Supply is the quantity of a good producers are willing and able to sell at different prices over a period. The law of supply says price and quantity supplied have a positive relationship. Associate it with "Supply slopes Up".
供给是生产者在不同价格下愿意并且能够出售的商品数量。供给定律指出价格
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