📚 Year 10 WJEC Science: Core Knowledge Review | Year 10 WJEC 科学：核心知识点梳理
This article summarises the essential topics covered in Year 10 WJEC Science, including key concepts from Biology, Chemistry and Physics. You will find a bilingual explanation of each topic, designed to reinforce your understanding and help you prepare effectively for assessments. Whether you are following the double award or separate science route, these fundamentals form the backbone of the WJEC curriculum.
本文梳理了 Year 10 WJEC 科学课程的核心知识点，涵盖生物、化学和物理的重要概念。每个主题均配有中英双语讲解，旨在加深你的理解并帮助你高效备考。无论你学习的是双科学还是单科学，这些基础知识都是 WJEC 课程大纲的支柱。
1. Cell Structure and Function | 细胞结构与功能
All living organisms are built from cells, which can be classified as eukaryotic or prokaryotic. Eukaryotic cells, such as those of animals, plants and fungi, have a membrane-bound nucleus containing DNA, while prokaryotic cells like bacteria lack a nucleus and have free-floating DNA. Plant cells also possess a rigid cell wall, chloroplasts for photosynthesis and a large permanent vacuole for storage and support.
所有生物体都由细胞构成，细胞可分为真核细胞和原核细胞。动物、植物和真菌等真核细胞含有带膜的细胞核，核内储存 DNA；而细菌等原核细胞没有细胞核，DNA 游离在细胞质中。植物细胞还具有坚硬的细胞壁、进行光合作用的叶绿体以及用于储存和支撑的大液泡。
Animal cells contain mitochondria where aerobic respiration occurs, releasing energy in the form of ATP. The cytoplasm is the site of many metabolic reactions, and the cell membrane controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell. When studying cells, you must be able to label diagrams and understand how structures relate to their functions.
动物细胞含有线粒体，是有氧呼吸发生的场所，以 ATP 的形式释放能量。细胞质是许多代谢反应的场所，细胞膜则控制物质的进出。学习细胞时，你必须能够标注结构图，并理解结构与功能之间的关系。
2. Organisation and Digestive System | 组织层次与消化系统
In multicellular organisms, cells are organised into tissues, tissues into organs, and organs into organ systems. The digestive system is a key example, involving the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small soluble ones that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up digestion: amylase breaks down starch into maltose, proteases break down proteins into amino acids, and lipases break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.
在多细胞生物中，细胞构成组织，组织构成器官，器官再构成器官系统。消化系统是一个典型例子，它将大分子不溶性食物分解为可被血液吸收的小分子可溶性物质。酶是加速消化过程的生物催化剂：淀粉酶将淀粉分解为麦芽糖，蛋白酶将蛋白质分解为氨基酸，脂肪酶将脂质分解为脂肪酸和甘油。
The key organs include the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and the accessory organs such as the liver and pancreas. The small intestine is adapted for absorption with villi that increase surface area. WJEC questions often ask you to explain how enzymes work (lock and key model) and the effect of pH and temperature on enzyme activity (denaturation at extreme conditions).
主要的消化器官包括口腔、食道、胃、小肠、大肠以及肝脏和胰腺等附属器官。小肠通过绒毛增大表面积，适应吸收功能。WJEC 考试中常会要求你解释酶的作用方式（锁钥模型）以及 pH 和温度对酶活性的影响（极端条件下酶会变性）。
3. The Circulatory System and Health | 血液循环系统与健康
The human circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood. It transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones and waste products around the body. The heart is a double pump: the right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, while the left side pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. Arteries carry blood away from the heart under high pressure, veins return blood at low pressure and contain valves, and capillaries are tiny vessels where exchange of substances occurs.
人体循环系统由心脏、血管和血液组成，负责运输氧气、营养物质、激素和废物。心脏是一个双泵：右侧将缺氧血泵送至肺部，左侧将富氧血泵送至全身。动脉在高压下将血液带离心脏，静脉在低压下将血液送回并带有瓣膜，毛细血管则是进行物质交换的微小血管。
Blood is composed of red blood cells (transport oxygen via haemoglobin), white blood cells (defence against pathogens), platelets (clotting) and plasma (liquid carrying dissolved substances). Lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise and smoking can affect cardiovascular health. You should be able to evaluate the consequences of an unbalanced diet and high cholesterol on heart disease.
血液由红细胞（通过血红蛋白运输氧气）、白细胞（防御病原体）、血小板（凝血）和血浆（携带溶解物质的液体）组成。饮食、锻炼和吸烟等生活方式因素会影响心血管健康。你需要能够评估不均衡饮食和高胆固醇对心脏病的后果。
4. Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table | 原子结构和周期表
Atoms consist of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in energy levels (shells). The atomic number is the number of protons, which determines the element. The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Electrons occupy the lowest available energy levels first, and the arrangement of electrons determines chemical properties.
原子由一个包含质子和中子的原子核以及分布在能级（电子层）上的电子组成。原子序数等于质子数，决定了元素的种类。质量数是质子数与中子数之和。同位素是指具有相同质子数但中子数不同的原子。电子优先占据能量最低的能级，电子的排列方式决定了化学性质。
The modern Periodic Table arranges elements in order of increasing atomic number. Elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in their outer shell, giving them similar properties. Group 1 contains alkali metals, which are very reactive and form alkaline solutions. Group 7 contains halogens, reactive non-metals. Group 0 (noble gases) are unreactive because they have full outer shells. The transition metals in the central block are typical metals with high melting points and form coloured compounds.
现代周期表按原子序数递增的顺序排列元素。同一族元素的最外层电子数相同，因此化学性质相似。第 1 族是碱金属，非常活泼，能形成碱性溶液。第 7 族是卤素，为活泼的非金属。第 0 族（稀有气体）因为具有全满的外层电子而不活泼。中间的过渡金属是典型金属，具有高熔点并能形成有色化合物。
5. Chemical Bonding and Structure | 化学键与结构
Atoms bond to achieve a full outer electron shell, leading to three main types of bonding. Ionic bonding occurs between metals and non-metals, where electrons are transferred to form positive and negative ions that attract each other strongly. The resulting giant ionic lattice has high melting and boiling points and conducts electricity when molten or dissolved in water because ions are free to move.
原子通过结合以达到稳定的最外层电子结构，从而形成三种主要的键合类型。离子键形成于金属与非金属之间，电子转移生成正负离子，它们之间产生强烈的静电吸引力。形成的巨型离子晶格具有高熔点和沸点，在熔融或溶于水时能导电，因为离子可以自由移动。
Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electron pairs between non-metal atoms. Simple molecular substances like water, carbon dioxide and methane have strong covalent bonds inside the molecules but weak intermolecular forces, resulting in low melting points and poor electrical conductivity. Giant covalent structures, such as diamond and silicon dioxide, are extremely hard and have very high melting points because all atoms are linked by strong covalent bonds. Metallic bonding features a sea of delocalised electrons surrounding positive metal ions, which allows metals to conduct electricity and be malleable.
共价键涉及非金属原子之间共享电子对。水、二氧化碳和甲烷等简单分子物质，分子内部共价键很强，但分子间作用力弱，因此熔沸点低且不导电。金刚石和二氧化硅等巨型共价结构，由于所有原子均通过强共价键相连，因而极其坚硬，熔点极高。金属键的特点是离域电子海包围着正金属离子，这使得金属能够导电并具有延展性。
6. Quantitative Chemistry | 定量化学
ro constant). The mass of one mole of a substance in grams is its relative formula mass (Mr). You must be able to calculate moles using the equation: moles = mass (g) ÷ Mr. This allows you to work out the masses of reactants and products in a chemical reaction.
化学家使用摩尔来计量微粒。1 摩尔任何物质都包含 6.02 × 10²³ 个微粒（阿伏伽德罗常数）。以克为单位，1 摩尔物质的质量就是其相对式量（Mr）。你必须能使用公式 摩尔数 = 质量 (g) ÷ 相对式量 来计算，这可以帮助你求出化学反应中反应物和产物的质量。
Balancing equations and understanding conservation of mass are essential. In a reaction, the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products. If a gas is produced and allowed to escape, the mass of the reaction vessel may appear to decrease, but mass is conserved overall. Limiting reactants and percentage yield calculations are also part of the WJEC course.
配平化学方程式和理解质量守恒定律至关重要。反应中，反应物的总质量等于产物的总质量。如果生成的气体逸出，反应容器的质量可能看似减少，但总体质量守恒。限量反应物和产率百分比的计算也是 WJEC 课程的一部分。
7. Energy Changes and Rate of Reaction | 能量变化与反应速率
Chemical reactions involve energy changes. Exothermic reactions transfer energy to the surroundings, causing a temperature rise (e.g., combustion, neutralisation). Endothermic reactions absorb energy from the surroundings, causing a temperature drop (e.g., thermal decomposition, photosynthesis). Reaction profiles show the energy of reactants and products, and the activation energy – the minimum energy needed for a reaction to occur.
化学反应伴随着能量变化。放热反应向环境释放能量，导致温度升高（如燃烧、中和反应）。吸热反应从环境中吸收能量，导致温度降低（如热分解、光合作用）。反应轮廓图显示反应物和产物的能量以及活化能——反应发生所需的最小能量。
The rate of a chemical reaction can be altered by changing temperature, concentration, surface area, or by adding a catalyst. Increasing temperature gives particles more kinetic energy and more frequent, energetic collisions. Catalysts lower the activation energy without being used up, providing an alternative reaction pathway. Be prepared to interpret graphs showing the amount of product formed over time.
化学反应速率可通过改变温度、浓度、表面积或加入催化剂来调节。升高温度使粒子动能增加，碰撞更频繁、更剧烈。催化剂降低活化能而自身不被消耗，提供了另一条反应路径。要准备好解读反映产物生成量随时间变化的图表。
8. Electricity and Circuits | 电学与电路
ric charge. For a current to flow, a circuit must be complete and contain a source of potential difference. Current (I) is measured in amperes (A), potential difference (V) in volts (V), and resistance (R) in ohms (Ω). Ohm' r at constant temperature. Resistors can be fixed or variable, and components like diodes and LEDs only allow current to flow in one direction.
电流是电荷的流动。要使电流流动，电路必须完整且包含电源。电流 (I) 的单位是安培 (A)，电势差 (V) 的单位是伏特 (V)，电阻 (R) 的单位是欧姆 (Ω)。欧姆定律指出，在温度不变时，导体满足 V = I × R。电阻器可以是固定式或可变式，二极管和发光二极管等元件只允许电流单向流动。
tal current is the sum of the branch currents, and adding more branches decreases the total resistance. The potential difference across each branch is the same. Energy transferred is calculated using E = V × I × t, and power using P = V × I.
在串联电路中，各处电流相同，总电阻等于各电阻之和。在并联电路中，总电流等于各支路电流之和，增加支路会降低总电阻。各支路两端的电势差相等。能量转移公式 E = V × I × t，功率公式 P = V × I 用于计算。
9. Particle Model of Matter | 物质的粒子模型
egular pattern, vibrating in fixed positions. In liquids, they are close together but can slide past each other. In gases, particles are far apart, moving rapidly in random directions. Density is mass per unit volume (ρ = m / V) and can be used to predict whether an object will float or sink.
粒子模型描述了固体、液体和气体中粒子的排列与运动。固体中，粒子紧密排列在规则的结构中，只能在固定位置振动。液体中，粒子彼此靠近但可以相互滑动。气体中，粒子间距很大，快速而无规则地运动。密度是单位体积的质量 (ρ = m / V)，可用来判断物体会浮起还是下沉。
Changes of state, such as melting, freezing, boiling and condensing, are physical changes where mass is conserved. Temperature remains constant during a change of state, as the energy goes into breaking or forming bonds between particles rather than increasing kinetic energy. The internal energy of a system is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of its particles, and it can be changed by heating or doing work.
物态变化（如熔化、凝固、沸腾和冷凝）是物理变化，质量在此过程中守恒。物态变化时温度保持不变，因为输入的能量用于破坏或形成粒子间的键，而不是增加动能。系统的内能是其粒子动能和势能的总和，可通过加热或做功来改变。
10. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
while vector quantities like velocity and force have both magnitude and direction. Newton' unless acted upon by a resultant force. Resultant force (F) = mass (m) × acceleration (a).
力可以改变物体的速度、方向或形状。速率和质量等标量只有大小，而速度和力等矢量既有大小又有方向。牛顿第一定律指出，除非受到合外力的作用，否则物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动状态。合外力 (F) = 质量 (m) × 加速度 (a)。
locity-time graph represents displacement. Terminal velocity occurs when the resistive force (drag) equals the driving force, resulting in zero resultant force and constant speed. Momentum (p = m × v) is a property of moving objects and is conserved in a closed system, which is used to analyse collisions and explosions.
距离-时间图的斜率表示速度，速度-时间图的斜率表示加速度。速度-时间图下的面积代表位移。当阻力（如空气阻力）等于驱动力时，物体达到终端速度，合外力为零，速度保持不变。动量 (p = m × v) 是运动物体的一种属性，在封闭系统中守恒，用于分析碰撞和爆炸事件。
11. Waves: Properties and Applications | 波的特性与应用
on of energy transfer (e.g., light, water waves). In longitudinal waves, oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer (e.g., sound). Key wave properties include wavelength (λ), frequency (f), amplitude and wave speed (v), linked by the equation v = f × λ.
波将能量从一处传递到另一处而不传递物质。横波的振动方向与能量传播方向垂直（如光波、水波）。纵波的振动方向与能量传播方向平行（如声波）。重要的波参数包括波长 (λ)、频率 (f)、振幅和波速 (v)，它们通过 v = f × λ 联系起来。
The electromagnetic spectrum is a continuous family of transverse waves, all travelling at the same speed in a vacuum. In order of increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. Each region has distinct uses and hazards – for example, X-rays are used in medical imaging but can damage cells, while ultraviolet can cause skin cancer. Reflection, refraction and the behaviour of waves at boundaries should also be understood.
电磁波谱是一系列连续的横波，在真空中都以相同速度传播。按频率递增、波长递减的顺序排列：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X 射线和伽马射线。每一波段都有特定的用途和危害——例如，X 射线用于医学成像但会损伤细胞，紫外线则可能导致皮肤癌。还需理解反射、折射以及波在界面处的行为。
12. Photosynthesis and Respiration | 光合作用与呼吸作用
. The word equation: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen (in the presence of light and chlorophyll). The chemical equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂. The glucose produced can be used for respiration, converted into starch for storage, cellulose for cell walls, or proteins when combined with nitrate ions.
光合作用是植物及其他一些生物利用光能将二氧化碳和水转化为葡萄糖和氧气的过程。文字方程式：二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气（在光照和叶绿体存在下）。化学方程式：6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂。产生的葡萄糖可用于呼吸作用，转化为淀粉储存，合成细胞壁的纤维素，或与硝酸根离子结合生成蛋白质。
Photosynthesis rate is affected by light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature. These factors can be limiting factors, meaning they restrict the rate. In GCSE, you need to interpret graphs showing how these factors influence the rate and relate this to the inverse square law for light.
光合作用速率受光照强度、二氧化碳浓度和温度的影响。这些因素可能成为限制因子，即它们会制约光合速率。在 GCSE 阶段，你需要解读这些因子如何影响速率的图表，并理解光强与距离的平方成反比。
a. Anaerobic respiration in animal cells produces lactic acid (glucose → lactic acid), while in plant and yeast cells it produces ethanol and carbon dioxide (fermentation). You should be able to compare the two pathways and explain how exercise leads to oxygen debt.
有氧呼吸利用氧气从葡萄糖中释放能量：葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水（+ 能量）。它发生在线粒体中。动物细胞的无氧呼吸产生乳酸（葡萄糖 → 乳酸），而植物和酵母细胞产生乙醇和二氧化碳（发酵）。你需要比较两种途径，并解释运动如何导致氧债。
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