📚 Year 10 WJEC Biology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorization Guide | WJEC 生物词汇术语速记指南
Mastering biology in Year 10 WJEC starts with a strong grip on the language. This guide introduces essential terms across every core topic, pairing each with a simple memory trick, visual analogy, or word origin. Use it to build confidence for class tests and your final GCSE.
学好 WJEC 十年级生物，先要读懂它的语言。本指南覆盖每一个核心主题的关键术语，每一个都配有简单的记忆诀窍、图像联想或词根解析，帮助你在课堂测验和 GCSE 考试中更有把握。
1. Cell Structure & Organelles | 细胞结构与细胞器
The nucleus is the control centre of the cell because it stores DNA in the form of chromosomes. Visualise it as a central library where all the cell's blueprints are kept. The word 'nucleus' shares a root with 'nucleus' in physics – a dense core.
细胞核是细胞的控制中心，因为它以染色体形式储存 DNA。把它想象成一个中央图书馆，存放着细胞所有的施工蓝图。nucleus 这个词与物理学中的“原子核”同源，都指密集的核心。
Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration, releasing energy from glucose. Think of them as tiny power stations with folded inner membranes that increase surface area for energy production. A catchy phrase: 'Mighty mitochondria make more energy.'
线粒体是有氧呼吸的场所，从葡萄糖中释放能量。把它们看作微型发电站，内膜折叠增大表面积以便产能。记忆短语：“强大的线粒体制造更多能量”。
Ribosomes are tiny organelles that build proteins by linking amino acids together. They read the code from messenger RNA. Picture ribosomes as 3D printers on the factory floor of the cell, assembling chains precisely.
核糖体是微型细胞器，通过将氨基酸连接起来制造蛋白质。它们读取信使 RNA 上的密码。把核糖体想象成细胞工厂里的 3D 打印机，精确地组装肽链。
2. Cell Transport | 细胞运输
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient. It requires no energy. Think of a drop of ink spreading in water until it is evenly distributed – molecules naturally spread out.
扩散是粒子从高浓度区域净移动到低浓度区域的过程，顺着浓度梯度，不需要能量。就像一滴墨水在水中扩散直到均匀分布——分子自然地散开。
Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane, from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution. Remember 'O for osmosis and O for water (H₂O)', or imagine water 'osmosing' its way through tiny pores.
渗透是水分子通过部分透性膜的扩散，从稀溶液移动到较浓溶液。记忆技巧：“O 代表 osmosis，O 也代表水（H₂O）”，或者想象水分子“渗透”穿过微孔。
Active transport moves substances against a concentration gradient – from low to high concentration – using energy from respiration. Picture a door that only opens when you pay a coin; here the coin is ATP. Root hair cells use this to absorb mineral ions from soil.
主动运输借助呼吸作用释放的能量，将物质从低浓度区域逆浓度梯度运送至高浓度区域。把它想象成一扇投币后才会打开的门，硬币就是 ATP。根毛细胞利用这一过程从土壤吸收矿物质离子。
3. Enzymes | 酶
Enzymes are biological catalysts made of protein that speed up chemical reactions without being used up. They have an active site with a specific shape that fits a substrate. The lock-and-key model is the classic memory image: only the right key opens the lock.
酶是由蛋白质构成的生物催化剂，能加速化学反应而自身不被消耗。它有一个形状特定的活性部位，能与底物契合。经典的锁钥模型是最佳记忆图像：只有正确的钥匙才能开锁。
Denaturation happens when high temperature or extreme pH changes the shape of the active site so the substrate can no longer fit. If you twist a metal key in a fire, it won't fit the lock anymore. Irreversible denaturation means the enzyme is permanently broken.
高温或极端 pH 会改变活性部位的形状，导致底物无法结合，这就是变性。就像在火中把金属钥匙拧弯，它再也无法插入锁孔。不可逆变意味着酶永久失效。
Optimum temperature is the temperature at which an enzyme works fastest. For most human enzymes this is around 37 °C. Visualise a graph peaking at 37 °C then plunging down as the enzyme denatures – it's a performance sweet spot.
最适温度是酶工作速度最快的温度。多数人体酶的最适温度在 37 °C 左右。想象一张在 37 °C 冲顶然后骤降的曲线图——那是酶表现的甜区。
4. Respiration | 呼吸作用
equation sums it up neatly: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (plus energy). Think 'air-obics' – you need oxygen for aerobic exercise.
有氧呼吸利用氧气从葡萄糖中释放能量。文字方程式精炼地概括了它：葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水（并释放能量）。想想有氧运动需要氧气，aerobic 本身就包含 aero-（空气）。
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water (+ Energy)
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O (+ Energy)
Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen. In muscles, glucose is converted to lactic acid, causing fatigue. In yeast, it becomes ethanol and carbon dioxide (fermentation). The key difference: aerobic makes more ATP; anaerobic is quick but less efficient.
无氧呼吸在没有氧气的条件下进行。在肌肉中，葡萄糖转化为乳酸，导致疲劳。在酵母中，则转化为乙醇和二氧化碳（发酵）。关键区别：有氧呼吸产生更多 ATP，无氧呼吸快但效率低。
Mitochondria are the organelles where most aerobic reactions take place. Their folded cristae increase surface area for respiration enzymes. Label them as the cell's 'energy converters' and recall they need lots of oxygen.
线粒体是进行大部分有氧呼吸反应的细胞器。其折叠的嵴增大了呼吸酶的附着面积。把线粒体标记为细胞的“能量转换器”，记住它们需要大量氧气。
5. Photosynthesis | 光合作用
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and algae convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose. The word breakdown helps: 'photo' means light, 'synthesis' means building up. It is the ultimate solar-powered food factory.
光合作用是植物和藻类将光能转化为储存在葡萄糖中的化学能的过程。拆词记：photo-（光）+ synthesis（合成）。这是终极的太阳能食物工厂。
Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, the green pigment that absorbs light energy. They are found mainly in palisade leaf cells. Link 'chloro' to green and 'phyll' to leaf – literally 'green leaf' – and picture tiny solar panels inside every leaf.
叶绿体含有叶绿素——吸收光能的绿色色素，主要分布在叶片栅栏组织中。chloro- 表示绿色，phyll 表示叶，字面意思就是“绿叶”。想象每片叶子内都安装着微型太阳能板。
Limiting factors for photosynthesis include light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature. A weak link in any one chain slows the whole process, no matter how abundant the others are. Think of a three-legged race – if one leg is shorter, you stumble.
光合作用的限制因素包括光照强度、二氧化碳浓度和温度。其中任何一个环节薄弱，都会拖慢整个过程，无论其他因素多充足。想象三人四足游戏——有一条腿短了，就会绊倒。
6. Digestive System | 消化系统
Ingestion is taking food into the mouth; digestion breaks large insoluble molecules into small soluble ones; absorption moves nutrients into the blood; egestion removes undigested waste. Use the mnemonic 'IDEA' – Ingestion, Digestion, Egestion, Absorption? Better: 'In Digestion, Absorption Ends with Egestion' – but simply remember the four-stage journey.
摄食是食物进入口腔；消化将大分子不溶性物质分解为小分子可溶物质；吸收使营养进入血液；排遗排出未消化的废物。记住这个四步旅程：摄入、消化、吸收、排遗。
Amylase is a carbohydrase that breaks down starch into maltose. It is produced in the salivary glands and pancreas. Think of 'amyl-' as starch (like amylopectin) and -ase meaning enzyme – an enzyme that slices starch.
淀粉酶是一种碳水化合物酶，能将淀粉分解为麦芽糖。它由唾液腺和胰腺分泌。amyl- 表示淀粉（如支链淀粉 amylopectin），-ase 表示酶，专门切淀粉的酶。
Villi are tiny finger-like projections lining the small intestine that massively increase surface area for absorption. Each villus has a network of capillaries and a lacteal for fats. Visualise a shaggy carpet with millions of soft threads soaking up nutrients.
小肠内壁的绒毛是手指状的微小突起，极大地增加了吸收表面积。每根绒毛内有毛细血管网和吸收脂肪的乳糜管。想象一张毛茸茸的地毯，其千百万根软毛在吸收营养物质。
7. Circulatory System | 循环系统
Arteries carry blood away from the heart under high pressure; they have thick, muscular walls. A quick trick: 'Arteries Away'. Veins carry blood back to the heart and have valves to prevent backflow. Capillaries are one-cell-thick for efficient exchange.
动脉将血液从心脏送出，压力高，管壁厚而富有肌肉。记忆诀窍：Arteries Away（动脉远离）。静脉将血液送回心脏，内有瓣膜防止回流。毛细血管仅一个细胞厚，便于高效物质交换。
ps blood to the whole body. Keep the path straight: vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta.
心脏有四个腔室：左心房、右心房（上）和左心室、右心室（下）。左心室壁最厚，因为它要将血液泵往全身。记住路径：腔静脉 → 右心房 → 右心室 → 肺 → 左心房 → 左心室 → 主动脉。
Red blood cells contain haemoglobin, which binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases it in tissues. They have a biconcave shape – no nucleus – to maximise oxygen carriage. Picture millions of red oxygen taxis with a dent in the middle for more luggage space.
红细胞含有血红蛋白，能在肺部结合氧气并在组织中释放。它们呈双凹圆盘形，无细胞核，以最大限度携带氧气。把红细胞想象成数百万辆红色的氧气出租车，中间凹陷是为了多放行李。
8. Pathogens & Immune System | 病原体与免疫系统
Pathogens are microorganisms that cause infectious disease, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protists. Think 'path-' as in pathology, meaning disease, and '-gen' as generating – a pathogen generates illness.
病原体是引起传染病的微生物，包括细菌、病毒、真菌和原生生物。path- 表示疾病（如 pathology 病理学），-gen 表示产生——病原体制造疾病。
ocytes produce antibodies; phagocytes engulf and digest pathogens (phagocytosis). Remember 'phag' means eating (like phagocytosis = cell eating) and 'lymph' links to lymphatic system.
白细胞负责机体防御：淋巴细胞产生抗体；吞噬细胞吞噬并消化病原体（吞噬作用）。phag 表示吃（如 phagocytosis 细胞吞噬），lymph 源自淋巴系统。
Vaccination introduces a harmless form of a pathogen to stimulate the production of memory lymphocytes. If the real pathogen enters later, the secondary immune response is fast and strong. It is like training soldiers with dummy weapons before the real battle.
疫苗将无害的病原体形式引入体内，刺激记忆淋巴细胞的产生。若日后真正的病原体入侵，二次免疫应答会迅速而强大。这就像在实战之前用模拟武器训练士兵。
9. Ecology & Environment | 生态与环境
A habitat is the place where an organism lives, while a population is all the members of a single species living in that habitat. A community is all the different species living together in a habitat. The ecosystem adds the abiotic factors such as soil and climate.
栖息地是一个生物所生活的地方，种群是生活在同一栖息地内同一物种的全部个体。群落是共同生活在一个栖息地的所有不同物种。生态系统则进一步包括了土壤和气候等非生物因素。
ty of living organisms in an area. High biodiversity makes an ecosystem more stable. Think 'bio' = life, 'diversity' = variety. Use the image of a rich tropical rainforest versus a monoculture wheat field.
生物多样性指某一地区活生物体的多变性。生物多样性越高，生态系统越稳定。bio 表示生命，diversity 表示多样性。想象物种丰富的热带雨林与单一作物的麦田的对比。
Carbon cycle shows how carbon moves between the atmosphere, organisms and the earth. Key processes: photosynthesis fixes carbon; respiration, combustion and decomposition release it. Draw a circle labelled 'photo-respiration-decomp' and remember it's a closed loop.
碳循环展示了碳在大气、生物体和地球之间的流动。关键过程：光合作用固碳，呼吸作用、燃烧和分解释放碳。画一个标注“光合-呼吸-分解”的圆圈，记住它是一个闭合回路。
10. Variation & Evolution | 变异与进化
Variation is the differences between individuals of the same species. It can be genetic (inherited) or environmental (acquired). Genetic variation arises from mutations and sexual reproduction. Use the phrase 'Genes and surroundings shape variation' to lock it in.
变异指同一物种个体之间的差异，可以是遗传的（先天）或环境的（后天导致）。遗传变异源于突变和有性繁殖。记住一句话：“基因与环境共同塑造变异”。
Natural selection is the process where organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits on. 'Survival of the fittest' – but fitness means best adapted to the environment, not strongest. Peppered moths in industrial Britain are the classic story.
自然选择指拥有有利性状的个体更易存活并繁殖，从而将这些性状传递下去。“适者生存”——但是“适”指的是最能适应环境，并非最强壮。工业革命时期英国椒花蛾就是经典案例。
Selective breeding is when humans choose parent organisms with desired characteristics to breed the next generation. Think dog breeds: all descended from wolves but selectively bred for size, coat, and temperament. In contrast to natural selection, humans are the selecting agent.
选择性育种是人类选取具有期望性状的亲本进行繁殖，以产生下一代。想想狗的品种：全源自狼，但经过对体型、皮毛和性情的选育。与自然选择不同，这里的筛选者是人类。
11. Inheritance & Genetics | 遗传与基因基础
A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a particular protein. Alleles are different versions of the same gene. Remember: gene is the recipe, allele is the flavour – e.g., gene for eye colour, alleles for blue or brown.
基因是编码特定蛋白质的一段 DNA。等位基因是同一基因的不同版本。记忆：基因就像菜谱，等位基因是口味——比如眼睛颜色的基因，有蓝色和棕色等位基因。
Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism (the alleles it carries). Phenotype is the observable characteristic. Use the 'G' in Genotype for 'Genetic code' and 'Ph' in Phenotype for 'Physical appearance'.
基因型是生物体的遗传构成（它携带的等位基因）。表现型是可观察到的性状。Genotype 的 G 代表遗传密码（Genetic code），Phenotype 的 Ph 代表物理外观（Physical appearance）。
A punnet square is a grid used to predict the probability of offspring genotypes. Monohybrid crosses look at one gene. Remember to place one parent's gametes along the top, the other along the side, then fill the grid.
庞纳特方格是用来预测后代基因型概率的网格。单基因杂交关注的是一个基因。记住：将一方亲本的配子写在顶部，另一方的配子写在侧边，然后填充方格。
12. Homeostasis & Hormones | 稳态与激素
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment, such as keeping blood glucose, temperature and water balance steady. The word splits into 'homeo' (same) and 'stasis' (standing). It is your body's internal thermostat.
稳态指的是维持稳定的内部环境，如保持血糖、体温和水分平衡恒定。homeo- 表示相同，stasis 表示静止。它是你体内的恒温器。
Insulin is a hormone released by the pancreas when blood glucose is too high; it signals cells to take up glucose and the liver to convert it into glycogen. Glucagon does the opposite when glucose is low. The pair act like a see-saw, always balancing.
胰岛素是血糖过高时胰腺分泌的激素，它指示细胞摄取葡萄糖，并让肝脏把葡萄糖转化为糖原。当血糖过低时，胰高血糖素起反作用。两者就像跷跷板，始终在平衡。
Negative feedback is a control mechanism that reverses a change to bring a condition back to its set point. In temperature regulation, if you get too hot, the body cools you down – and vice versa. It is the body's 'error-correction' loop.
负反馈是一种控制机制，它反转变化以使状态回到设定点。在体温调节中，如果你太热，身体会让你凉下来，反之亦然。这是身体的“纠错”回路。
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