📚 Year 10 CAIE Biology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Recall Guide | Year 10 CAIE 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering Year 10 CAIE Biology requires more than just understanding concepts - you need to confidently recall a vast array of specific scientific terms. This guide breaks down essential vocabulary by topic and teaches you clever memory tricks such as word roots, mnemonics, and comparison tables to speed up memorisation. Whether you are revising for exams or building a solid foundation, these strategies will help you connect terms with their meanings and avoid common mistakes.
掌握 Year 10 CAIE 生物学不仅需要理解概念，还需要熟练记忆大量专业科学术语。本指南按主题分解核心词汇，并传授巧妙的记忆技巧，如词根法、助记术和对比表格，帮你加速记忆。无论你是为备考复习还是打基础，这些策略都将助你将术语与其含义联系起来，避免常见错误。
1. Why Vocabulary Decides Your CAIE Grade | 为什么词汇量决定你的 CAIE 成绩
In CAIE IGCSE Biology, examiners award marks for the correct scientific word, not for a correct idea expressed loosely. A phrase such as "the thing in the cell that releases energy" scores nothing, while the single word "mitochondrion" scores the mark.
在 CAIE IGCSE 生物考试中，考官给分依据是正确的科学词汇，而不是用含糊语言表达出的正确想法。像"细胞里释放能量的那个东西"这样的表述不得分，而只要写出"线粒体"这个词就能拿到分数。
The same terminology is expected across all papers: Paper 2 (multiple choice), Paper 4 (theory) and Paper 6 (alternative to practical) all test the same vocabulary bank, so learning terms once pays off three times.
所有试卷考查的都是同一套术语：Paper 2（选择题）、Paper 4（理论题）和 Paper 6（实验替代卷）共享同一个词汇库，因此学一次词汇，三张卷子同时受益。
Command words tell you how much detail is required. State, name, give and identify need one word or a short phrase; describe needs a sequence of features or steps; explain needs a cause-and-effect link, usually signalled by the word "because".
题干中的指令词决定了你需要写多少细节。State、name、give、identify 只需一个词或一个短语；describe 需要按顺序写出特征或步骤；explain 需要写出因果联系，通常要用 "because" 来连接。
Definitions are usually worth one or two marks each, and a definition missing a key word such as "partially permeable" or "random" is often worth zero. Accuracy is therefore as important as understanding.
每个定义通常占 1 到 2 分，如果定义中漏掉 "partially permeable"（选择性渗透）或 "random"（随机）这类关键词，往往一分不得。因此，用词准确和理解到位同样重要。
2. How to Use This Guide and Six Core Memory Strategies | 如何使用本指南与六大核心记忆策略
Chunk by syllabus topic. Do not learn a mixed list of forty words; learn six to eight words per topic, because the brain stores vocabulary in networks and topic grouping creates natural retrieval cues.
按考纲主题分块记忆。不要一次性背四十个混杂的单词，而是每个主题只记六到八个，因为大脑以网络形式储存词汇，按主题分组能形成天然的提取线索。
Use retrieval practice rather than re-reading. Cover the English column with your hand, look at the Chinese meaning, and say the English term aloud before checking.
用"提取练习"代替反复阅读。用手遮住英文一栏，只看中文释义，先大声说出英文术语，再翻开来核对。
Decode word roots. Most biological terms are built from Greek or Latin blocks, so learning twenty roots unlocks hundreds of words.
拆解词根。绝大多数生物术语由希腊语或拉丁语词块构成，掌握二十个词根就能解锁上百个单词。
Invent mnemonics that are vivid, silly or rhythmic - the stranger the image, the stronger the memory. "Mighty Mitochondria make energy" works precisely because it is memorable.
自创助记口诀，越生动、越荒诞、越押韵越好——画面越奇怪，记忆越牢固。"Mighty Mitochondria make energy" 之所以有效，正是因为它朗朗上口。
Build comparison tables for easily confused pairs. Putting two terms side by side forces you to notice the defining difference, which is exactly what exam questions test.
为易混词制作对比表格。把两个术语并排放置会强迫你注意它们的关键差别，而这正是考题考查的重点。
Use dual coding: draw a quick labelled diagram next to each term. Combining a word with an image uses two memory channels instead of one.
使用"双重编码"：在每个术语旁画一个带标注的简图。把文字和图像结合，相当于同时使用两条记忆通道。
3. Cells and Organelles | 细胞与细胞器术语
Cell - the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Every living thing is made of one or more cells, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
细胞（cell）——一切生物体结构和功能的基本单位。所有生物都由一个或多个细胞构成，且所有细胞都来自已存在的细胞。
Organelle - a specialised structure inside a cell that carries out a particular job. The suffix "-elle" simply means "small", so an organelle is a "small organ" of the cell.
细胞器（organelle）——细胞内部执行特定功能的特化结构。后缀 "-elle" 意为"小的"，因此 organelle 就是细胞里的"小器官"。
Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion) - remember these as the "powerhouse" of the cell where aerobic respiration occurs to release energy. The word comes from Greek "mitos" (thread) and "chondrion" (granule) because they appear as thread-like granules under a microscope. Think: Mighty Mitochondria make energy!
线粒体（mitochondria，单数 mitochondrion）——记住它是细胞的"动力工厂"，是有氧呼吸释放能量的场所。该词源自希腊语 "mitos"（线）和 "chondrion"（颗粒），因其在显微镜下呈线状颗粒。联想记忆：Mighty Mitochondria make energy！
Ribosomes - protein factories! lles use genetic instructions to build proteins. The name is a blend of ribonucleic acid ("ribo") and Greek "soma" (body). Recall: "Ribo" + "some" = a body that makes ribo-somes (proteins).
核糖体（ribosomes）——蛋白质工厂！这些微小的细胞器利用遗传指令构建蛋白质。名称由核糖核酸（ribonucleic acid）的 "ribo" 和希腊语 "soma"（体）组合而成。记忆法："Ribo" + "some" = 制造 ribo-somes（蛋白质）的体。
Cell membrane - the "security gate" of the cell, controlling what enters and exits. Also called the plasma membrane. Think of it as a partially permeable "skin" - it lets some substances pass but not others. Key term: partially permeable.
细胞膜（cell membrane）——细胞的"安检门"，控制物质进出。也称为质膜（plasma membrane）。把它想象成一层选择性渗透的"皮肤"——允许某些物质通过而不允许其他物质通过。关键词：partially permeable（选择性渗透）。
Chloroplasts - found in plant cells, they trap light energy for photosynthesis. The name combines "chloro" (green) and "plast" (a formed or moulded body), because a chloroplast is the green, shaped body that holds chlorophyll.
叶绿体（chloroplasts）——存在于植物细胞中，负责捕获光能用于光合作用。名称由 "chloro"（绿色）和 "plast"（成形的物体）组合而成，因为叶绿体正是那个装着叶绿素的绿色成形结构。
Nucleus, cytoplasm and vacuole - the nucleus contains DNA and controls cell activities; the cytoplasm is the jelly-like fluid where reactions happen; the vacuole is a fluid-filled space that stores cell sap and helps keep the cell firm (turgid).
细胞核、细胞质与液泡——细胞核（nucleus）含 DNA 并控制细胞活动；细胞质（cytoplasm）是发生化学反应的胶状液体；液泡（vacuole）是充满液体的空间，储存细胞液并帮助细胞保持坚挺（turgid）。
4. Cell Transport and Specialisation | 细胞运输与分化术语
Diffusion - the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient, as a result of their random motion. It is a passive process and needs no energy from respiration.
扩散（diffusion）——粒子因其随机运动，从高浓度区域向低浓度区域净移动，即顺着浓度梯度移动。它是被动过程，不需要呼吸作用提供能量。
Osmosis - the net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential (a dilute solution) to a region of lower water potential (a concentrated solution) through a partially permeable membrane.
渗透（osmosis）——水分子通过选择性渗透膜，从水势较高区域（稀溶液）向水势较低区域（浓溶液）的净移动。
Active transport - the movement of particles against a concentration gradient, from lower to higher concentration, using energy released by respiration and carrier proteins in the cell membrane.
主动运输（active transport）——粒子逆浓度梯度、由低浓度向高浓度的移动，需要呼吸作用释放的能量以及细胞膜上的载体蛋白参与。
Partially permeable - describes a membrane that allows small molecules such as water to pass through but blocks larger molecules such as sucrose. This single phrase is worth a mark in almost every osmosis question.
选择性渗透（partially permeable）——描述一种只允许水等小分子通过、而阻挡蔗糖等大分子的膜。在几乎每道渗透题中，这个短语本身就占一分。
Surface area to volume ratio - the relationship that decides how quickly a cell can exchange substances. As a cell gets bigger, its volume grows faster than its surface area, so the ratio falls and diffusion becomes too slow, which is why cells stay small.
表面积与体积比（surface area to volume ratio）——决定细胞交换物质快慢的关系。细胞越大，体积增长快于表面积，比值随之下降，扩散便变得过慢，这正是细胞保持微小的原因。
Differentiation - the process by which a cell becomes specialised for a particular function. Examples include a root hair cell (large surface area for water uptake), a red blood cell (no nucleus, packed with haemoglobin) and a ciliated cell (hair-like cilia that sweep mucus).
分化（differentiation）——细胞变得特化以执行特定功能的过程。例如根毛细胞（表面积大，利于吸水）、红细胞（无细胞核，充满血红蛋白）和纤毛细胞（用纤毛清扫黏液）。
5. Biological Molecules and Enzymes | 生物分子与酶术语
Carbohydrate - a molecule made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, in which the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the ratio 2 : 1. Simple sugars such as glucose are carbohydrates, and so are the large storage molecules starch (in plants) and glycogen (in animals).
碳水化合物（carbohydrate）——由碳、氢、氧组成的分子，其中氢与氧的比例通常为 2 : 1。葡萄糖等单糖属于碳水化合物，植物中的淀粉和动物中的糖原等大型储存分子也属于此类。
Protein - a large molecule made of long chains of amino acids. Proteins are used for growth and repair, and include enzymes, haemoglobin and antibodies.
蛋白质（protein）——由长链氨基酸构成的大分子。蛋白质用于生长和修复，包括酶、血红蛋白和抗体。
Lipid - a molecule made of fatty acids joined to glycerol. Lipids store energy, form part of cell membranes and act as thermal insulation.
脂质（lipid）——由脂肪酸与甘油结合而成的分子。脂质用于储存能量、构成细胞膜的一部分并起保温作用。
Enzyme - a biological catalyst made of protein that speeds up a reaction without being used up itself. Every enzyme is specific to one substrate because its active site has a complementary shape.
酶（enzyme）——一种由蛋白质构成的生物催化剂，能加速反应而自身不被消耗。每种酶只对特定底物起作用，因为其活性位点具有互补的形状。
Active site and substrate - the substrate is the molecule the enzyme acts on; the active site is the region of the enzyme where the substrate binds. Lock-and-key and induced-fit are the two models you should be able to name.
活性位点与底物——底物（substrate）是酶所作用的分子；活性位点（active site）是酶上结合底物的区域。你需要能说出"锁钥模型"和"诱导契合模型"这两个名称。
Denature - when an enzyme loses its shape and stops working because the active site has been changed. Denaturation is caused by high temperature or the wrong pH, and it is permanent.
变性（denature）——酶因活性位点形状被改变而失去功能。高温或错误的 pH 都会导致变性，而且这种变性是不可逆的。
Optimum - the temperature or pH at which an enzyme works at its fastest rate. Remember the sequence: low temperature slows the reaction, the optimum is the peak, and high temperature denatures the enzyme.
最适条件（optimum）——酶作用速率最快时的温度或 pH。记住这个规律：温度过低反应变慢，达到最适点速率最高，温度过高则酶变性。
6. Nutrition: Photosynthesis and Digestion | 营养：光合作用与消化
Photosynthesis - the process by which plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen, using chlorophyll as the light-absorbing pigment.
光合作用（photosynthesis）——植物利用光能将二氧化碳和水转化为葡萄糖和氧气的过程，其中叶绿素是吸收光的色素。
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
Chlorophyll - the green pigment inside chloroplasts that absorbs light energy. Word root tip: "chloro" means green and "-phyll" means leaf, so chlorophyll is literally the "green leaf" pigment.
叶绿素（chlorophyll）——叶绿体内吸收光能的绿色色素。词根提示："chloro" 意为绿色，"-phyll" 意为叶，因此 chlorophyll 字面上就是"绿叶"色素。
Limiting factor - the factor in shortest supply that holds back the rate of photosynthesis, such as light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration or temperature.
限制因子（limiting factor）——供应最不足、从而限制光合作用速率的因素，例如光照强度、二氧化碳浓度或温度。
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion - the five stages of nutrition in order. Ingestion is taking food into the body, absorption is movement of digested food into the blood, and egestion is the removal of undigested waste as faeces.
摄食、消化、吸收、同化与排遗——按顺序排列的营养五个阶段。摄食（ingestion）是把食物摄入体内，吸收（absorption）是已消化食物进入血液，排遗（egestion）是把未消化的废物以粪便形式排出。
s of muscular contraction in the gut wall that push food along the alimentary canal. Think "peri" (around) + "stalsis" (contraction) = squeezing around the tube.
蠕动（peristalsis）——肠壁肌肉的收缩波，推动食物沿消化道前进。记忆："peri"（环绕）+ "stalsis"（收缩）= 环形挤压管道。
Villi and microvilli - finger-like projections of the small intestine lining that increase surface area for absorption. They have a thin wall, a rich blood supply and a moist surface - the classic three-mark answer.
小肠绒毛与微绒毛（villi and microvilli）——小肠内壁的指状突起，用于增大吸收表面积。它们具有薄壁、丰富的血液供应和湿润表面——这是标准的三分答案。
Carbohydrase, protease and lipase - the three digestive enzyme groups, converting carbohydrates to simple sugars, proteins to amino acids, and lipids to fatty acids and glycerol respectively. Bile, made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder, emulsifies lipids and neutralises stomach acid.
淀粉酶、蛋白酶与脂肪酶——三大类消化酶，分别把碳水化合物分解为单糖、蛋白质分解为氨基酸、脂质分解为脂肪酸和甘油。胆汁由肝脏制造、储存在胆囊中，能乳化脂质并中和胃酸。
7. Gas Exchange, Respiration and Transport | 气体交换、呼吸与运输
Aerobic respiration - the release of energy from glucose using oxygen. It happens mainly in the mitochondria and produces carbon dioxide and water as waste products.
有氧呼吸（aerobic respiration）——在有氧条件下由葡萄糖释放能量的过程。主要发生在线粒体中，产物除能量外还有二氧化碳和水。
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy
Anaerobic respiration - the release of a small amount of energy from glucose without oxygen. In muscle it produces lactic acid; in yeast it produces ethanol and carbon dioxide, which is why yeast is used in bread making and brewing.
无氧呼吸（anaerobic respiration）——在无氧条件下由葡萄糖释放少量能量的过程。在肌肉中产生乳酸；在酵母中产生乙醇和二氧化碳，这正是酵母被用于做面包和酿酒的原因。
Oxygen debt - the extra oxygen needed after vigorous exercise to break down the lactic acid that has built up in the muscles. The term explains why you keep breathing heavily after you stop
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