📚 Year 10 WJEC Chemistry: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 10 WJEC 化学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering chemistry vocabulary is essential for Year 10 WJEC students, as precise definitions underpin exam success. This guide uses memory aids, root words and contextual examples to help you quickly recall key terms.
掌握化学词汇对 Year 10 WJEC 学生至关重要，精确的定义是考试成功的基础。本指南利用记忆辅助、词根和情景示例，帮助你快速回忆关键术语。
1. Atoms, Elements and Compounds | 原子、元素与化合物
Atom: The smallest particle of an element that can exist and take part in a chemical reaction. The word comes from the Greek 'atomos' meaning indivisible.
原子：元素的最小粒子，可以存在并参与化学反应。这个词源于希腊语 'atomos'，意为不可分割的。
Element: A pure substance made of only one type of atom. Elements are the building blocks of the periodic table; they cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
元素：仅由一种原子组成的纯净物。元素是周期表的构建单元，它无法通过化学手段分解为更简单的物质。
Compound: A substance formed when two or more different elements are chemically bonded together. Compounds have a fixed composition and can be separated only by chemical reactions.
化合物：两种或多种不同元素通过化学键结合而成的物质。化合物具有固定组成，只能通过化学反应分离。
Molecule: A group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a covalent compound. Some elements exist as molecules, such as O₂ and H₂.
分子：由原子通过共价键结合形成的基团，是共价化合物的最小基本单元。有些元素以分子形式存在，例如 O₂ 和 H₂。
Mixture: A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically joined. Mixtures can be separated by physical methods like filtration or distillation; think of a party where guests mingle but keep their identities.
混合物：两种或多种物质物理混合，没有化学键连接。混合物可通过过滤、蒸馏等物理方法分离；就像聚会中的人混在一起但保持自身身份。
2. The Periodic Table | 周期表
Periodic table: An arrangement of elements in order of increasing atomic number, organised so that elements with similar properties fall into columns called groups. The rows are called periods.
周期表：按原子序数递增排列的元素表，使得性质相似的元素落入同一纵列（族）。横排称为周期。
Group: A vertical column in the periodic table. Elements in the same group have the same number of outer shell electrons, which gives them similar chemical behaviour. Group 1 are the alkali metals, Group 7 the halogens, Group 0 the noble gases.
族：周期表中的纵列。同族元素具有相同的最外层电子数，因此化学性质相似。第1族为碱金属，第7族为卤素，第0族为稀有气体。
Period: A horizontal row in the periodic table. As you move across a period, the number of electron shells stays the same but the nuclear charge increases, leading to predictable trends in properties.
周期：周期表中的横排。在同一周期中，电子层数不变但核电荷增加，因此性质呈规律性递变。
Atomic number: The number of protons in an atom's nucleus; it determines the element's identity. In a neutral atom it also equals the number of electrons. Think of it as the element's 'ID number'.
原子序数：原子核内的质子数，决定了元素的种类。在中性原子中它等于电子数。可视为元素的“身份证号”。
Mass number: The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus. It is always a whole number and is used to distinguish isotopes.
质量数：原子核内质子与中子总数，总是整数，用于区分同位素。
3. Chemical Bonding (Ionic & Covalent) | 化学键（离子键与共价键）
Ionic bond: The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. It forms when a metal transfers electrons to a non-metal, resulting in a giant ionic lattice. 'I give' electrons: metal gives, non-metal takes.
离子键：相反电荷离子间的静电引力。当金属将电子转移给非金属时形成，构成巨型离子晶格。记忆点：金属给出电子，非金属获得。
Covalent bond: bonding can form simple molecules (like H₂O) or giant covalent structures (like diamond). 'Co-valent' = sharing valence electrons.
共价键：两个非金属原子间共享的一对电子。可形成简单分子（如 H₂O）或巨型共价结构（如金刚石）。'共价' 即共享价电子。
Ion: An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost electrons, thus carrying an electric charge. A positive ion is a cation; a negative ion is an anion. Remember: cations go to the cathode, anions to the anode.
离子：原子或原子团通过得失电子而带电荷的物种。带正电的叫阳离子，带负电的叫阴离子。记忆：阳离子移向阴极，阴离子移向阳极。
Lattice: A regular, repeating three-dimensional arrangement of particles (ions, atoms or molecules) in a solid. Giant ionic lattices have strong bonds, giving high melting points.
晶格：微粒（离子、原子或分子）在固体中有规则重复的三维排列。巨型离子晶格键合强，熔点高。
4. Chemical Reactions and Equations | 化学反应与方程式
Reactant: A substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction; it is written on the left-hand side of the arrow. You start with reactants.
反应物：参与反应并经历变化的物质，写在箭头左侧。反应从反应物开始。
Product: A substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction; it appears on the right-hand side of the arrow. Products are what you end up with.
生成物：化学反应产生的物质，写在箭头右侧。它们是反应的结果。
Word equation: tants and products, linked by an arrow. For example: magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide.
文字方程式：用反应物和生成物的名称表示反应的方法，中间用箭头连接。例如：镁 + 氧气 → 氧化镁。
Symbol equation: A representation of a chemical reaction using chemical symbols and formulae. It must be balanced to obey the law of conservation of mass. State symbols (s), (l), (g), (aq) show the physical state.
符号方程式：用化学符号和化学式表示反应的方法。必须配平以满足质量守恒定律。使用状态符号 (s) 固、(l) 液、(g) 气、(aq) 溶液来表示物理状态。
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