📚 WJEC Year 10 Physics Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | WJEC Year 10 物理词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the key vocabulary is essential for success in Year 10 WJEC Physics. This guide organises crucial terms by topic and provides bilingual definitions, memory hooks, and formula references. Learning the paired English–Chinese explanations will help you recognise concepts in both languages and apply them confidently in exam questions.
掌握关键词汇是 Year 10 WJEC 物理成功的基础。本指南按主题整理核心术语，提供双语定义、记忆技巧和公式参考。学习中英文对应解释能让你在两种语言中识别概念，并自信地应用到考题中。
1. Scalar and Vector Quantities | 标量与矢量
A scalar quantity has magnitude only – it tells you 'how much' but not direction. Common scalars are mass (kg), time (s), distance (m), speed (m/s), energy (J) and temperature (°C).
标量只有大小，没有方向——它告诉你“多少”但不指方向。常见标量有质量(kg)、时间(s)、路程(m)、速率(m/s)、能量(J)和温度(°C)。
A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction. Vectors include displacement (distance in a straight line with direction), velocity, acceleration, force and weight. When drawing vectors, arrows show the direction and their length represents the magnitude.
矢量既有大小又有方向。矢量包括位移（带方向的直线距离）、速度、加速度、力和重量。绘制矢量时，箭头表示方向，箭头长度表示大小。
Memory tip: 'Scalar scales the size, never points' – a bathroom scale gives a number only. 'Vector points the way' – your velocity on a journey must include the direction.
记忆技巧：标量只标出大小，不指方向——浴室体重秤只给数字。矢量指向方向——旅程中的速度必须包含方向。
2. Speed, Velocity and Acceleration | 速率、速度和加速度
Speed is the rate of change of distance, a scalar quantity. The most common formula is:
速率是距离的变化率，是标量。最常用的公式是：
average speed = total distance / total time
平均速率 = 总路程 / 总时间
Velocity is the rate of change of displacement, a vector. If you run 400 m around a track and return to the start, your average velocity is zero because displacement is zero, even though your speed was not zero.
速度是位移的变化率，是矢量。如果你绕跑道跑400米并回到起点，平均速度为零，因为位移为零，尽管速率不为零。
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. It can be speeding up, slowing down (deceleration) or changing direction. The equation is:
加速度是速度的变化率。可以是加速、减速或改变方向。公式为：
a = (v − u) / t
加速度 = (末速度 − 初速度) / 时间
Here v is final velocity, u is initial velocity, and t is time taken. Acceleration is measured in m/s².
其中v为末速度，u为初速度，t为所用时间。加速度的单位是 m/s²。
3. Forces and Newton's Laws | 力与牛顿定律
A force is a push or pull, measured in newtons (N). The resultant force is the overall force acting after all forces are combined. If resultant force is zero, forces are balanced; otherwise they are unbalanced.
力是一种推或拉，单位为牛顿(N)。合力是所有作用力合成后的总力。如果合力为零，力平衡；否则不平衡。
Newton's First Law (Law of Inertia): An object stays at rest or moves with constant velocity unless acted on by a resultant force. Inertia is the tendency to resist changes in motion.
牛顿第一定律（惯性定律）：除非受合力作用，物体保持静止或匀速直线运动。惯性是抵抗运动状态改变的趋势。
Newton's Second Law links resultant force, mass and acceleration:
牛顿第二定律将合力、质量和加速度联系起来：
F = m × a
合力 = 质量 × 加速度
A larger force gives more acceleration; larger mass reduces it for a given force.
更大的力产生更大的加速度；给定力下，质量越大加速度越小。
Newton's Third Law: For every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force. Remember these forces act on different objects.
牛顿第三定律：每一个作用力都有一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力。记住这两个力作用在不同物体上。
4. Work, Energy and Power | 功、能和功率
ed in the direction of the force (m). If the force is perpendicular to motion, no work is done on the object.
当力使物体移动时做了功。功(J) = 力(N) × 沿力的方向移动的距离(m)。如果力与运动方向垂直，则对物体不做功。
W = F × d
功 = 力 × 距离
Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in joules. Kinetic energy (KE) is the energy of motion; gravitational potential energy (GPE) is energy stored due to height. The simple forms are:
能量是做功的能力，单位是焦耳。动能(KE)是运动能量；重力势能(GPE)是因高度而储存的能量。简单形式为：
KE = ½ m v²
动能 = ½ × 质量 × 速度²
GPE = m g h
重力势能 = 质量 × 重力加速度 × 高度
Power is the rate of doing work or transferring energy. One watt (W) is one joule per second.
功率是做功或能量传递的速率。一瓦特(W)等于一焦耳每秒。
P = W / t
功率 = 功 / 时间
5. Density and States of Matter | 密度与物质状态
Density (ρ) measures how much mass is packed into a given volume. The formula is:
密度(ρ)衡量给定体积内包含的质量。公式为：
ρ = m / V
密度 = 质量 / 体积
Here m is mass (kg) and V is volume (m³). Density is measured in kg/m³. An object floats if its density is less than the fluid's density.
其中m是质量(kg)，V是体积(m³)。密度单位为 kg/m³。物体密度小于流体密度时上浮。
The three common states of matter are solid, liquid and gas. In solids, particles vibrate in fixed positions; liquids have particles that can flow past each other; gases have widely spaced particles moving randomly. Changing state requires energy but temperature stays constant during the change.
物质常见的三态是固态、液态和气态。固态粒子在固定位置振动；液态粒子可以相互滑动；气态粒子间距大且随机运动。改变状态需要能量，但状态变化期间温度保持不变。
Key state changes: melting (solid to liquid), freezing/condensation, boiling/evaporation (liquid to gas). Memory: 'solid stay, liquid slide, gas glide'.
关键状态变化：熔化（固→液）、凝固、凝结、沸腾/蒸发（液→气）。记忆法：固态扎稳，液态滑动，气态飞跑。
6. Heating and Heat Transfer | 加热与热传递
Conduction is heat transfer through a solid by particle vibrations and free electrons – metals are good conductors. Convection occurs in fluids (liquids and gases) where warmer, less dense regions rise. Radiation is the transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves and can travel through a vacuum.
传导是通过粒子振动和自由电子在固体中传热——金属是良导体。对流发生在流体（液体和气体）中，较热、密度较低的区域上升。辐射是通过电磁波传递热量，可以在真空中传播。
Specific heat capacity (c) is the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C. The equation is:
比热容(c)是使1 kg物质温度升高1 °C所需的能量。公式为：
E = m c Δθ
能量 = 质量 × 比热容 × 温度变化
Here Δθ is the temperature change (°C). Water has a high specific heat capacity, making it useful for central heating and cooling.
其中Δθ是温度变化(°C)。水的比热容高，使其适用于中央供暖和冷却。
uring a state change without temperature change. Specific latent heat (L) = energy / mass.
潜热是状态变化过程中吸收或释放的能量，而温度不变。比潜热(L) = 能量 / 质量。
E = m L
7. Waves Basics | 波的基础
onsecutive crests or compressions. Frequency (f) is the number of complete waves passing a point per second, measured in hertz (Hz). Period (T) = 1/f.
波传递能量而不传递物质。振幅是离开平衡位置的最大位移。波长(λ)是两个连续波峰或压缩区之间的距离。频率(f)是每秒通过某点的完整波数，单位为赫兹(Hz)。周期(T)=1/f。
The wave speed equation links speed, frequency and wavelength:
波速公式将波速、频率和波长联系起来：
v = f λ
波速 = 频率 × 波长
Transverse waves vibrate perpendicular to energy transfer (e.g. light, water waves). Longitudinal waves vibrate parallel to energy transfer (e.g. sound, ultrasound). In longitudinal waves, compressions and rarefactions are formed.
横波的振动方向与能量传递方向垂直（例如光、水波）。纵波的振动方向与能量传递方向平行（例如声音、超声波）。纵波中形成压缩区和稀疏区。
8. Electromagnetic Spectrum | 电磁波谱
l travel at 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s in a vacuum. The order, from longest wavelength to shortest, is:
电磁波谱按波长和频率分组。所有波在真空中都以 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s 传播。从长波长到短波长的顺序为：
Radio, Microwave, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, X-ray, Gamma.
无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X射线、伽马射线。
Memory aid: 'Raging Martians Invaded Venus Using X-ray Guns'. Or 'Red Monkeys In Vans Use X-ray Glasses'.
记忆口诀：无线电波、微波、红外、可见光、紫外、X射线、伽马（可谐音：吴微红见紫霞伽）。
Different regions have different applications: radio for communication, microwaves for cooking and radar, infrared for thermal imaging, visible light for sight, ultraviolet for sunbeds and detecting forged banknotes, X-rays for medical imaging, gamma rays for sterilising medical equipment and cancer treatment. As frequency increases, the energy and penetrating ability increase, but wavelength decreases.
不同波段有不同应用：无线电通信，微波用于烹饪和雷达，红外用于热成像，可见光用于视觉，紫外线用于日光浴和验钞，X射线用于医学成像，伽马射线用于消毒医疗设备和癌症治疗。频率增大，能量和穿透力增加，波长减小。
9. Electricity Fundamentals | 电学基础
Electric current (I) is the flow of electric charge. In metals, free electrons move. Current is measured in amperes (A). One ampere is one coulomb of charge per second. The equation is:
电流(I)是电荷的流动。在金属中，自由电子移动。电流的单位是安培(A)。一安培等于每秒一库仑电荷。公式为：
I = Q / t
电流 = 电荷量 / 时间
Voltage (potential difference, V) is the energy transferred per unit charge. It is measured in volts (V).
电压（电势差，V）是每单位电荷传递的能量。单位是伏特(V)。
V = W / Q
电压 = 功 / 电荷量
Resistance (R) measures how much a component resists current. Ohm's Law states that for a resistor at constant temperature, voltage is proportional to current:
电阻(R)衡量元件对电流的阻碍程度。欧姆定律指出，对于恒温下的电阻器，电压与电流成正比：
V = I R
电压 = 电流 × 电阻
Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω). In series circuits, current is the same everywhere and voltage is shared. In parallel circuits, voltage is the same across each branch and current splits.
电阻的单位是欧姆(Ω)。串联电路中各处电流相等，电压分配。并联电路中各支路电压相等，电流分流。
10. Radioactivity and the Atom | 放射性与原子
Atoms consist of a nucleus containing protons (positive) and neutrons (neutral), with electrons (negative) orbiting at set
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