📚 Year 10 CAIE Physics: Rapid Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Year 10 CAIE 物理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the vocabulary of IGCSE Physics is half the battle. This guide breaks down the most important terms across the Year 10 CAIE syllabus and pairs each one with a clever memory trick – so you can recall definitions instantly and apply them confidently in exams.
掌握 IGCSE 物理的词汇是成功的一半。这份指南梳理了 Year 10 CAIE 考纲中最重要的术语，并为每一个都配上了巧妙的记忆方法——让你在考试中能够快速回忆定义，自信地运用。
1. Base Quantities and Units | 基本量与单位
There are seven SI base quantities you must know. Use this sentence to remember them: "Let's Make Tea, Coffee And Lemonade Together!" – Length, Mass, Time, Current, Amount of substance, Luminous intensity, Temperature. Their corresponding units are metre (m), kilogram (kg), second (s), ampere (A), mole (mol), candela (cd) and kelvin (K).
你必须掌握七个国际单位制基本量。用这句话来记：“大家一起做茶、咖啡和柠檬水！” ——长度为 Length（m），质量为 Mass（kg），时间为 Time（s），电流为 Current（A），物质的量为 Amount（mol），发光强度为 Luminous intensity（cd），热力学温度为 Temperature（K）。
A handy reminder for the kelvin: temperature in kelvin is never negative, just like the 'K' in "okay" – always positive. The candela is the SI unit you rarely calculate with, but knowing its symbol 'cd' looks like a compact disc shining light helps.
对开尔文的一个好记提示：开尔文温度从不取负值，就像“K”代表“OK”一样——始终为正。坎德拉是很少用于计算的国际单位，但记住它的符号 'cd' 看起来像一张闪亮的光盘，会有帮助。
2. Scalar vs Vector | 标量与矢量
A scalar has magnitude only, while a vector has both magnitude and direction. Think of "SCALe" – a scale only measures size, no direction. For vectors, picture an arrow; it points somewhere. The word "Vector" contains the letter 'V' which looks like an arrowhead.
标量只有大小，矢量既有大小又有方向。想象“SCALe”（刻度）——刻度只测量大小，不指示方向。对于矢量，想象一支箭，它指向某个地方。“Vector”这个词里有一个字母 'V'，看起来就像箭头。
Common scalars: distance, speed, mass, energy, time. Common vectors: displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, momentum. Remember: any quantity with ‘velocity’ is a vector, any with ‘speed’ is a scalar.
常见标量：路程、速率、质量、能量、时间。常见矢量：位移、速度、加速度、力、动量。记住：带有“velocity”的是矢量，带有“speed”的是标量。
3. Motion Graphs and Equations | 运动图像与方程
Distance–e graph: the gradient gives speed. If the graph is curved, the speed is changing. Velocity– graph: gradient = acceleration, area under graph = displacement. You can recall this with "VAGA" (Velocity–Acceleration–Gradient–Area).
路程—时间图：斜率表示速率。若图像是曲线，速率在变化。速度—时间图：斜率 = 加速度，图像下方面积 = 位移。可以用“VAGA”（速度—加速度—梯度—面积）来记忆。
v = final velocity, a = acceleration, t = time. Picture an SUV car accelerating smoothly: "SUV AT rest? No, SUV AT motion!"
运动方程仅在加速度恒定时适用。用首字母缩略词 SUVAT 来记忆：s = 位移，u = 初速度，v = 末速度，a = 加速度，t = 时间。想象一辆 SUV 平稳加速：“SUV 在休息？不，SUV 在运动！”
v = u + at
v² = u² + 2as
s = ut + ½at²
No equation uses all five quantities – each equation omits one SUVAT letter. Check which quantity is not asked for to choose the right equation.
没有方程同时包含全部五个量——每个方程都省略了一个 SUVAT 字母。检查哪个量没有被问到，就能选择正确的方程。
4. Forces and Newton's Laws | 力与牛顿定律
Newton’s First Law: An object remains at rest or at constant velocity unless acted upon by a resultant force. Recall a lazy cat – it stays still or cruises steadily until you push it. 'Inertia' is the resistance to change in motion.
牛顿第一定律：除非受到合力作用，物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动。回忆一只懒猫——它要么静止不动，要么匀速前进，直到你推它。“惯性”就是抗拒运动状态改变的性质。
wton’s Second Law: F = ma. Force is directly proportional to mass and acceleration. Think: "Forceful Mom" (F = ma) – a determined mother pushes a shopping trolley harder when it's full.
牛顿第二定律：F = ma。力与质量和加速度成正比。想想“强势的妈妈”（F=ma）——购物车越满，她推得越用力。
Newton’s Third Law: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. These forces act on different bodies. Remember a pair of skaters pushing apart – each pushes the other with equal force but opposite direction. The mnemonic: "Action–Reaction, Different Actors".
牛顿第三定律：每一个作用力都有一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力，且作用在不同物体上。想象一对溜冰者互相推开——彼此受力相等但方向相反。助记：“作用力与反作用力，不同的演员”。
5. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功与功率
Work done = force × distance moved in direction of force. W = Fd. Imagine lifting a book – you do work against gravity. Only the component of force parallel to motion counts. 'Work' sounds like 'walk' – when you walk carrying a load forward, you do work.
功 = 力 × 沿力方向移动的距离。W = Fd。想象举起一本书——你克服重力做功。只有与运动方向平行的力分量才算做功。“Work”听起来像“walk”——当你负重前行时，你在做功。
cal, nuclear, etc. Kinetic energy = ½mv²; gravitational potential energy = mgh. The phrase "Kids Go Potty" helps recall kinetic (½mv²) and gravitational potential (mgh).
能量是做功的能力，单位为焦耳（J）。种类包括：动能、重力势能、弹性势能、热能、化学能、核能等。动能 = ½mv²；重力势能 = mgh。短语“小朋友疯狂”（Kids Go Potty）有助于记忆动能和重力势能公式。
second. Unit is watt (W). Think of a powerful engine: it does the same work in less time. "P = W/t" sounds like "Powerfull Wit" – a powerful person has quick wit.
功率 = 做功 / 所用时间，或每秒转移的能量。单位是瓦特（W）。想想强力引擎：它在更短时间内做同样的功。“P = W/t”听起来像“强力智慧”——强大的人反应敏捷。
6. Thermal Physics | 热物理学
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from a hotter to a colder body. Memory: "Temperature tells you how hot; heat is on the move." Both are not the same.
温度是粒子平均动能的量度。热量是从较热物体向较冷物体传递的热能。记忆：“温度告诉你有多热；热量是在移动的。”两者并不相同。
als are good conductors; non-metals are insulators. Picture a row of people passing a ball – the ball is energy, the people are vibrating atoms. "Conduction = Contact".
传导：热量通过固体中粒子的振动传递。金属是良导体；非金属是绝缘体。想象一排人传球——球是能量，人就是振动的原子。“传导 = 接触”。
f the fluid itself due to density differences. Hot fluid rises, cool fluid sinks. Think of 'convection currents' like a lava lamp – blobs rise and fall. "Convection = Circulation".
对流：由于密度差异，流体自身运动引起的热量传递。热流体上升，冷流体下沉。把“对流流”想象成熔岩灯——团块上下浮动。“对流 = 循环”。
cts emit radiation. Thinking of the sun warming your face through space recalls radiation. "Radiation = Rays".
辐射：通过红外电磁波传递热量，不需要介质。所有物体都在发射辐射。想象太阳穿越太空温暖你的脸，就能想起辐射。“辐射 = 射线”。
7. Waves and Sound | 波与声音
Transverse waves: oscillations are perpendicular to wave direction (e.g., light, water ripples). Longitudinal waves: oscillations are parallel to wave direction (e.g., sound). Memorise: "Transverse is like a skipping rope up-down; Longitudinal is like a spring push-pull."
横波：振动方向与波的传播方向垂直（如光、水波）。纵波：振动方向与波的传播方向平行（如声音）。记忆：“横波像上下甩的跳绳；纵波像推拉弹簧。”
Wave speed = frequency × wavelength (v = fλ). "Very Friendly Lambs" is a quick reminder (v = fλ). Frequency is in hertz (Hz), meaning cycles per second.
波速 = 频率 × 波长（v = fλ）。“非常友好的羊羔”（Very Friendly Lambs）是快速提示。频率单位赫兹（Hz），表示每秒周期数。
Sound is a longitudinal wave produced by vibrating objects. It travels fastest in solids, slower in liquids, and slowest in gases. Think: "Soldiers Marching Loudly" (Solids – Medium – Loudest / fastest). Actually, sound needs a medium; it cannot travel in a vacuum.
声音是由物体振动产生的纵波。它在固体中传播最快，液体次之，气体最慢。想想“士兵齐步大声正步走”（Solid 里最快）。实际上，声音需要介质，不能在真空中传播。
Pitch relates to frequency; loudness relates to amplitude. "Pitch Perfect" – high pitch, high frequency. "Loud Amplifier" – large amplitude, loud sound.
音调与频率相关；响度与振幅相关。“完美音调”——高音调，高频率。“响亮放大器”——大振幅，响亮声音。
8. Light and Optics | 光与光学
r) measured from the normal. The normal is an imaginary line perpendicular to the surface. "Normal is at 90°, like a normal person standing straight."
反射：入射角等于反射角（i = r），且都从法线量起。法线是垂直于表面的假想线。“法线是90°的，就像正常人站得笔直。”
Refraction: bending of light when it passes from one transparent medium to another, due to change in speed. From air to glass, light bends towards the normal and slows down. Memory: "Fast to Slow, Towards We Go."
折射：光从一种透明介质斜射入另一种介质时，因速度改变而发生弯曲。从空气进入玻璃，光向法线偏折并减速。记忆：“快进慢，向法靠”。
Total internal reflection: when light travels from denser to less dense medium at an angle greater than the critical angle, it reflects entirely. Fibre optics use this. "TIR: Trapped Inside Region".
全反射：当光从光密介质射向光疏介质，且入射角大于临界角时，光全部反射回原介质。光纤就是利用这一原理。“全反射：被困在区域里”。
Real images can be projected on a screen; virtual images cannot. Real images are formed when rays actually meet. "Real Rays Really meet." Virtual images only appear to meet, like in a mirror.
实像可以在屏幕上投影；虚像不能。实像是光线实际会聚形成的。“实像的光线真正会聚”。虚像只是看起来相交，就像镜子里的像。
9. Electricity and Circuits | 电学与电路
Current (I) is the rate of flow of charge, measured in amperes (A). It flows from positive to negative in conventional current. Think of current as a river: "I" for the flow of charge, Amperes for amount flowing per second.
电流（I）是电荷的流动速率，单位为安培（A）。习惯上，电流从正极流向负极。把电流想象成河流：“I”代表电荷的流动，安培代表每秒流过的量。
Voltage (V) or potential difference is the energy transferred per unit charge, measured in volts (V). It pushes current around a circuit. "Volt pushes, like a volleyball spike."
电压（V）或电位差是每单位电荷转移的能量，单位为伏特（V）。它推动电荷在电路中流动。“伏特推动，像排球扣杀”。
Resistance (R) opposes current, measured in ohms (Ω). V = IR (Ohm's law). The relationship: "Very Important Rabbits" for V = IR. High resistance means more obstruction – like a narrow pipe.
电阻（R）阻碍电流，单位为欧姆（Ω）。V = IR（欧姆定律）。可用“非常重要的兔子”（Very Important Rabbits）来记 V = IR。高电阻意味着更大的阻碍——如同狭窄的管道。
erywhere, voltage shared. Parallel circuits: current splits, voltage same across branches. "Series = Shared voltage, Single current path." "Parallel = Plentiful paths, Potential same."
串联电路：各处电流相等，电压分配。并联电路：电流分流，各支路电压相等。“串联 = 电压分享，唯一电流路径”；“并联 = 多条路径，电位相同”。
10. Magnetism and Electromagnetism | 磁学与电磁学
A magnet has two poles: north-seeking and south-seeking. Like poles repel, unlike poles attract. Use "Opposites Attract" in relationships as well as magnetism. Earth's magnetic south pole is near geographic north – so a compass north actually points to Earth's magnetic south.
磁体有两个磁极：指北极和指南极。同性相斥，异性相吸。就像人际关系一样，“异性相吸”。地球的磁南极靠近地理北极——因此指南针的北极实际指向地球的磁南极。
Magnetic field lines show direction a north pole would move. They go from north to south outside a magnet. "Field lines Flee North outward." Soft iron is easily magnetised and demagnetised; steel retains magnetism (permanent magnet).
磁感线表示北极将移动的方向。在磁体外部，它们从北极指向南极。“磁感线从北往外跑”。软铁容易磁化和退磁；钢能保持磁性（永久磁体）。
irection, fingers curl in field direction. For a solenoid, the field is like a bar magnet. "Solenoid = So Magnetic".
电磁学：载流导线产生磁场。右手螺旋定则：拇指指向电流方向，四指弯曲方向为磁场方向。螺线管的磁场类似于条形磁铁。“螺线管 = 如此有磁性”。
otor effect: a conductor carrying current in a magnetic field experiences a force (Fleming's left-hand rule). ThuMb = Motion, First Finger = Field, SeCond Finger = Current. "L for Left, L for Launch".
电动机效应：磁场中的载流导体会受到力的作用（弗莱明左手定则）。拇指 = 运动，食指 = 磁场，中指 = 电流。“左手发射”（L for Left, L for Launch）。
11. Nuclear Physics | 核物理
Alpha particles (α) are helium nuclei (2p,2n), heavily ionising, stopped by paper. Beta particles (β) are fast electrons, moderately ionising, stopped by a few mm of aluminium. Gamma rays (γ) are electromagnetic waves, weakly ionising, need thick lead or concrete. Memory: "Alpha Paper, Beta Aluminium, Gamma Lead" – length of words matches penetrating power.
α粒子是氦原子核（2质2中），电离能力强，一张纸就能挡住。β粒子是高速电子，电离能力中等，几毫米铝板可挡住。γ射线是电磁波，电离能力弱，需要厚铅板或混凝土。记忆：“阿尔法纸，贝塔铝，伽玛铅”——单词长度与穿透力匹配。
Radioactive decay is random and spontaneous. Half-life is the time for half the radioactive nuclei in a sample to decay. "Half-life: Half gone, life left." It is constant for a given isotope.
放射性衰变是随机且自发的。半衰期是样本中半数放射性原子核衰变所需的时间。“半衰期：一半消失，寿命还剩”。对于给定同位素，半衰期是恒定的。
ing of a heavy nucleus (e.g. uranium-235) by a neutron, releasing energy and more neutrons – ction. Fusion: joining of light nuclei (e.g. hydrogen to helium) at very high temperature. "Fission = Splitting; Fusion = Sticking".
核裂变：重核（如铀-235）被一个中子轰击后分裂，释放能量和更多中子——链式反应。核聚变：轻核（如氢聚变为氦）在极高温度下结合。“裂变分开，聚变结合”。
12. Space Physics (Earth & Solar System) | 空间物理（地球与太阳系）
The Sun is a star at the centre of our solar system, powered by nuclear fusion. Planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus. "My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles" orders the planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
太阳是我们太阳系中心的一颗恒星，由核聚变驱动。行星沿椭圆轨道运行，太阳位于椭圆的一个焦点。“我受过教育的妈妈刚刚给我们端上意大利面”（My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles）可排序八大行星。
Orbital speed of a planet decreases with distance from the Sun. Comets have highly elliptical orbits and speed up near the Sun. "Closer to Sun, faster they run."
行星的轨道速度随距太阳距离增加而减小。彗星轨道高度椭圆，靠近太阳时加速。“越靠近太阳，跑得越快”。
The Moon reflects light from the Sun; phases are caused by the changing relative positions. Weight is less on the Moon because g is smaller; mass remains the same. "Moon has less pull; your mass is still full."
月亮反射太阳光；月相由相对位置变化引起。月球上重量更小，因为重力加速度 g 较小；质量保持不变。“月亮引力小，你的质量仍饱满”。
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