📚 Year 10 CIE Engineering: Quick Guide to Key Vocabulary and Terminology | CIE 十年级工程：核心词汇与术语速记指南
Understanding key terminology is crucial for success in CIE Year 10 Engineering. This guide provides concise definitions and memory aids for essential terms across mechanics, materials, electricity and manufacturing processes, helping you build a solid foundation for both theoretical exams and practical applications.
掌握核心术语是 CIE 十年级工程学成功的关键。本指南简明扼要地列出了力学、材料、电学和制造工艺等关键术语的定义和记忆方法，帮助你为理论考试和实际应用打下坚实基础。
1. Mechanics and Forces | 力学与力
Force is a push or pull that can change the motion of an object. It is measured in newtons (N) and is a vector quantity having both magnitude and direction.
力是推或拉，可改变物体的运动状态。力的单位是牛顿(N)，属于矢量，具有大小和方向。
gravitational force acting on an object due to its mass (W = mg). On Earth, g ≈ 9.81 m/s².
重量是由于质量而受到的重力作用（W = mg）。在地球上，g 约等于 9.81 m/s²。
Friction is the resistance force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact. It can be reduced by using lubricants.
摩擦力是阻碍接触表面相对运动的阻力。可以通过使用润滑剂减小摩擦力。
Equilibrium occurs when all forces acting on a body are balanced, resulting in no net force and no acceleration.
平衡状态是指作用在物体上的所有力都互相抵消，合力为零且无加速度。
force about a pivot. It equals force × perpendicular distance from pivot. The formula is:
M = F × d
力矩（扭矩）是力绕支点产生的转动效应，等于力乘以力臂（垂直距离）。公式为：M = F × d。
2. Materials and Properties | 材料与性能
Tensile strength refers to the maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched before breaking. It is measured in pascals (Pa).
抗拉强度指材料在被拉伸至断裂前所能承受的最大应力，单位为帕斯卡(Pa)。
Ductility is the ability of a material to be drawn into thin wires without breaking. Copper is highly ductile.
延展性是指材料能被拉成细丝而不断裂的性质。铜具有良好的延展性。
Hardness measures a material's resistance to indentation or scratching. Diamond is exceptionally hard.
硬度衡量材料抵抗压入或刮擦的能力。金刚石硬度极高。
Toughness describes how much energy a material can absorb before fracturing. It combines strength and ductility.
韧性描述材料在断裂前吸收能量的能力，是强度与延展性的结合。
3. Structures and Loads | 结构与载荷
A beam is a horizontal structural element that resists bending under applied loads. Common types include simply supported and cantilever beams.
梁是承受横向载荷并抵抗弯曲的水平结构元件。常见类型有简支梁和悬臂梁。
A column is a vertical member designed to bear compressive loads. Buckling can occur if it is too slender.
柱是承受轴向压力的竖直构件。过于细长时可能发生屈曲。
Tension is the pulling force that tries to elongate a material; compression is the pushing force that tries to shorten it.
拉力是试图拉伸材料的力，压力则是试图使其缩短的力。
Shear force acts parallel to the cross-section of a material, causing layers to slide past one another.
剪力平行于材料横截面作用，使各层之间产生相对滑移。
4. Simple Machines | 简单机械
a rigid bar pivoting on a fulcrum. It provides mechanical advantage (MA) = load / effort.
杠杆由绕支点转动的刚性杆组成，机械利益（MA）等于负载力与施加力的比值。
A pulley system uses grooved wheels and ropes to change the direction of a force and reduce the effort needed to lift a load.
滑轮组利用带槽轮子和绳索改变力的方向，并减小提升负载所需的力。
Mechanical advantage (MA) is the ratio of the output force to the input force. Velocity ratio (VR) is the ratio of distance moved by effort to distance moved by load.
机械利益（MA）是输出力与输入力之比。速度比（VR）是施力点移动距离与负载移动距离之比。
Efficiency of a machine is (MA / VR) × 100%, showing how much input work is converted into useful output work.
机械效率 = (MA / VR) × 100%，表示输入功转化为有用输出功的比例。
5. Electricity and Circuits | 电与电路
Voltage (V) is the electrical potential difference that drives current through a circuit. It is measured in volts (V).
电压(V)是驱动电路中电流流动的电势差，单位为伏特(V)。
Current (I) is the flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). Conventional current flows from positive to negative.
电流(I)是电荷的流动，单位安培(A)。约定电流方向由正极流向负极。
Resistance (R) opposes current flow, measured in ohms (Ω). Ohm's Law states:
V = I × R
电阻(R)阻碍电流流动，单位欧姆(Ω)。欧姆定律为：V = I × R。
In a series circuit, current is the same everywhere while voltage divides. In a parallel circuit, voltage is the same across branches and current divides.
串联电路中，各处电流相等，电压分配；并联电路中，各支路电压相等，电流分配。
6. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Casting involves pouring molten metal into a mould cavity where it solidifies into a desired shape. Sand casting is commonly used for large parts.
铸造是将熔融金属注入型腔，冷却凝固成形。砂型铸造常用于大型零件。
Forging shapes metal by applying compressive forces, often using a hammer or press. It improves grain structure and strength.
锻造通过施加压力（锤击或压机）来成形金属，可改善晶粒结构，提高强度。
Welding joins two materials, usually metals, by melting them together with a filler material. Arc welding and MIG welding are popular methods.
焊接通过熔融材料（常加填充料）将两种金属连接在一起。电弧焊和 MIG 焊是常用方法。
Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machining uses pre-programmed software to control cutting tools, achieving high precision and repeatability.
计算机数控(CNC)加工利用预编程软件控制切削工具，实现高精度和重复性。
3D printing (additive manufacturing) builds parts layer by layer from a digital model, allowing complex geometries with minimal waste.
3D 打印（增材制造）根据数字模型逐层构建零件，可制造复杂几何形状，材料浪费少。
7. Measurement and Units | 测量与单位
SI base units include metre (length), kilogram (mass), second (time), ampere (current), kelvin (temperature), mole (amount), and candela (luminous intensity).
国际单位制基本单位包括米（长度）、千克（质量）、秒（时间）、安培（电流）、开尔文（温度）、摩尔（物质的量）和坎德拉（发光强度）。
precision instrument used to measure internal and external dimensions to an accuracy of ±0
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