📚 Year 10 CIE PE: Key Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 10 CIE 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Building a strong command of subject-specific vocabulary is one of the most effective ways to boost your performance in CIE IGCSE Physical Education. This guide organises essential terms topic by topic so you can actively test yourself, link concepts and recall them quickly under exam conditions.
牢固掌握学科专用词汇是提升 CIE IGCSE 体育成绩最有效的方法之一。本指南按主题梳理关键术语，帮助你主动自测、串联概念，在考试条件下快速提取记忆。
1. Anatomy and Physiology Terms | 解剖学与生理学术语
Cardiac Output (Q): The volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute. It is calculated as stroke volume × heart rate. An increase in either component during exercise raises cardiac output to meet the muscles' demand for oxygen.
心输出量 (Q)： 心脏每分钟泵出的血液量。计算公式为每搏输出量 × 心率。运动时任何一项数值的升高都会增加心输出量，以满足肌肉对氧气的需求。
Stroke Volume: The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle in a single contraction. Trained athletes often have a higher resting stroke volume, allowing a lower resting heart rate.
每搏输出量： 左心室一次收缩所射出的血量。训练有素的运动员静息每搏输出量通常更高，从而使静息心率更低。
Tidal Volume: The volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath. During exercise, tidal volume increases significantly to allow more oxygen to enter the lungs.
潮气量： 正常呼吸时吸入或呼出的空气量。运动期间潮气量显著增加，使更多氧气进入肺部。
Vital Capacity: The maximum amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a maximum inhalation. It is a useful indicator of respiratory health and does not change greatly with fitness.
肺活量： 最大吸气后能用力呼出的最大空气量。它是衡量呼吸健康的有用指标，与体适能水平的变化关系不大。
VO₂ Max: The maximum volume of oxygen the body can take in, transport and utilise per minute. It is a key measure of aerobic endurance and is expressed in ml/kg/min.
最大摄氧量： 身体每分钟摄入、运输和利用的最大氧气量。它是有氧耐力的关键衡量指标，单位为毫升/千克/分钟。
Oxygen Debt (EPOC): The extra oxygen required after strenuous exercise to break down lactic acid, replenish ATP/PC stores and restore the body to its resting state. This explains why breathing rate stays elevated after a sprint.
氧债 (运动后过量氧耗)： 剧烈运动后需要额外氧气来分解乳酸、补充磷酸原储备并将身体恢复至安静状态。这解释了冲刺后呼吸频率为何仍会保持在高位。
Isometric Contraction: A muscle contraction where the length of the muscle stays the same, such as holding a plank or a handstand. No visible movement occurs at the joint.
等长收缩： 肌肉长度保持不变的收缩，例如平板支撑或手倒立。关节处没有可见运动。
Isotonic Contraction: A muscle contraction that results in movement; the muscle changes length. It includes concentric contraction (muscle shortens, e.g., lifting a dumbbell) and eccentric contraction (muscle lengthens under control, e.g., lowering the dumbbell).
等张收缩： 导致运动的肌肉收缩；肌肉长度改变。包括向心收缩（肌肉缩短，如举起哑铃）和离心收缩（肌肉在有控制的情况下拉长，如下放哑铃）。
2. Exercise and Training Terms | 运动与训练术语
Aerobic Exercise: Activity performed with oxygen present, using large muscle groups at a moderate intensity for extended periods. Examples include jogging, cycling and swimming. It improves cardiovascular endurance.
有氧运动： 在氧气充足的情况下进行、动用大肌肉群、以中等强度持续较长时间的活动。例如慢跑、骑行和游泳。它能提升心血管耐力。
Anaerobic Exercise: High-intensity, short-duration activity where the body works without sufficient oxygen. It relies on the ATP-PC and lactic acid systems. Examples include sprinting and weightlifting.
无氧运动： 身体在氧气不充足的情况下进行的高强度、短时间活动。依赖 ATP-PC 和乳酸系统供能。例如短跑和举重。
FITT Principle: A framework used to design a training programme. FITT stands for Frequency, Intensity, Time and Type. Adjusting each variable helps apply overload safely and specifically.
FITT 原则： 用于设计训练计划的框架。FITT 代表频率、强度、时间和类型。调整每个变量有助于安全且有针对性地施加超负荷。
Overload: The principle that a training programme must place extra demands on the body above normal levels to cause improvement. This can be achieved by manipulating the FITT variables.
超负荷： 训练计划必须对身体施加超出平常水平的额外需求才能引起提升的原则。可以通过调整 FITT 变量来实现。
Specificity: Training must be relevant to the demands of the sport or goal. A long-distance runner will focus on aerobic work, while a sprinter needs explosive power and speed training.
专项性： 训练必须与运动项目或目标的需求相关。长跑运动员侧重有氧训练，而短跑运动员需要爆发力和速度训练。
Reversibility: Fitness gains are lost when training stops or intensity drops significantly. This is often summarised as 'use it or lose it'.
可逆性： 训练停止或强度大幅下降时，体适能的提升会消退。通常被概括为“用进废退”。
Progressive Overload: Gradually increasing the training stress to continue making gains without injury. For instance, a runner might add 10% to weekly distance or increase resistance in small steps.
渐进性超负荷： 逐步增加训练负荷以持续获得进步并避免受伤。例如，跑者可能每周增加 10% 的跑量或小幅增加阻力。
3. Skill Acquisition and Learning Terms | 运动技能与学习术语
Open Skill: A skill performed in an unpredictable, changing environment. The performer must adapt their movement to external factors, e.g., a football pass in a match.
开放性技能： 在不可预测、不断变化的环境中执行的技能。练习者需根据外部因素调整动作，例如比赛中的足球传球。
Closed Skill: A skill performed in a stable, predictable environment. The movement follows a set pattern, e.g., a free throw in basketball or a forward roll in gymnastics.
闭合性技能： 在稳定、可预测的环境中执行的技能。动作遵循固定模式，例如篮球罚球或体操前滚翻。
Gross Motor Skill: A skill that involves large muscle groups and produces big movements, such as kicking, running and jumping.
大肌肉运动技能： 涉及大肌肉群、产生大幅度动作的技能，如踢球、跑步和跳跃。
Fine Motor Skill: A skill that uses smaller muscle groups for precise, delicate movements, such as a dart throw or a badminton net shot.
小肌肉运动技能： 利用小肌肉群进行精确、细腻动作的技能，如投飞镖或羽毛球网前球。
Massed Practice: A practice schedule with few or no rest intervals. It is effective for simple, discrete skills but can cause fatigue, making it less suitable for beginners.
集中练习： 休息间隔很少或没有的练习安排。对简单、离散的技能有效，但容易引起疲劳，不太适合初学者。
Distributed Practice: Practice sessions that include regular rest intervals. Research shows this leads to better long-term learning and skill retention, especially for complex tasks.
分散练习： 包含定期休息间隔的练习课程。研究表明这种方式能带来更好的长期学习和技能保持，尤其适用于复杂任务。
Intrinsic Feedback: Information received by the performer through their own senses, such as how a movement feels or whether it felt balanced. It helps develop kinaesthetic awareness.
内在反馈： 练习者通过自身感官获得的信息，例如动作感觉如何或是否平衡。有助于培养动觉意识。
Extrinsic Feedback: Feedback that comes from an external source, such as a coach, video replay or the result of a shot. It is often used to correct technique or reinforce successful performance.
外在反馈： 来自外部来源的反馈，如教练、视频回放或射门结果。常用于纠正技术或强化成功表现。
4. Biomechanics Basic Terms | 生物力学基础术语
Centre of Mass: The point at which a body's mass is evenly distributed. In a human in the anatomical position, it lies roughly around the navel. Lowering the centre of mass increases stability.
质心： 身体质量均匀分布的点。在解剖学姿势下，人体的质心大约位于肚脐附近。降低质心可增强稳定性。
Line of Gravity: An imaginary vertical line drawn from the centre of mass to the ground. To be balanced, the line of gravity must fall within the base of support.
重力线： 从质心垂直向下至地面的假想线。要保持平衡，重力线必须落在支撑面之内。
Lever: A rigid bar that rotates around a fulcrum. In the body, bones act as levers, joints as fulcrums and muscles provide the force. First-class levers have the fulcrum between the force and the load (e.g., neck extension); second-class levers have the load between the fulcrum and force (e.g., standing on tiptoes); third-class levers have the force between the fulcrum and load (e.g., biceps curl).
杠杆： 围绕支点转动的刚性杆。人体中骨骼充当杠杆，关节作为支点，肌肉提供力。一级杠杆的支点在力与负荷之间（如颈部后伸）；二级杠杆的负荷在支点与力之间（如踮脚站立）；三级杠杆的力在支点与负荷之间（如肱二头肌弯举）。
Force: A push or pull that can cause an object to accelerate. Measured in newtons (N). In sport, applying a greater force through correct technique often results in more powerful movements.
力： 能使物体加速的推或拉。单位为牛顿。在运动中，通过正确技术施加更大的力通常会产生更有力的动作。
Velocity: Speed in a given direction. It is a vector quantity. A sprinter running north at 10 m/s has a different velocity from one running south at the same speed.
速度： 特定方向上的速率，是矢量。一名以 10 米/秒向北冲刺的运动员，其速度与以相同速率向南冲刺的运动员不同。
Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity. It can be positive (speeding up), negative (slowing down, often called deceleration) or involve a change of direction. It is calculated as change in velocity divided by time taken.
加速度： 速度变化的快慢。可以是正加速、负加速（减速）或方向变化。计算公式为速度变化量除以时间。
Momentum: The product of an object's mass and velocity. In a tackle, a heavier player moving quickly has high momentum and is harder to stop.
动量： 物体质量与速度的乘积。在抢断中，体重较大且移动快速的球员动量大，更难被拦住。
5. Sports Psychology Vocabulary | 运动心理学词汇
Intrinsic Motivation: The drive to participate in an activity for the enjoyment and satisfaction it brings, rather than for external rewards. An athlete who trains because they love the sport is intrinsically motivated.
内在动机： 因活动带来的愉悦和满足感而参与运动的驱动力，而非为了外部奖励。因热爱运动而训练的运动员具有内在动机。
Extrinsic Motivation: Engagement in sport driven by external rewards such as medals, trophies, money or praise. While useful, over-reliance on extrinsic rewards can sometimes reduce intrinsic motivation.
外在动机： 由奖牌、奖杯、金钱或表扬等外部奖励驱动的运动参与。虽然有用，但过度依赖外部奖励有时会降低内在动机。
Arousal: The physical and mental state of alertness or readiness. The Inverted-U theory suggests that performance increases as arousal rises to an optimal point, but further increases can cause performance to decline.
唤醒水平： 身体和精神上的警觉或准备状态。倒U型理论认为，表现随唤醒水平上升至最佳点而提高，但继续上升会导致表现下降。
Somatic Anxiety: The physical symptoms of anxiety, such as increased heart rate, sweaty palms and muscle tension. It is a response of the body's stress systems.
躯体焦虑： 焦虑的身体症状，如心率加快、手掌出汗和肌肉紧张。这是身体应激系统的反应。
Cognitive Anxiety: The mental component of anxiety, including worry, negative thoughts and fear of failure. It can be managed through techniques like positive self-talk and visualisation.
认知焦虑： 焦虑的心理层面，包括担忧、消极思维和对失败的恐惧。可以通过积极的自我对话和想象等技巧进行管理。
SMART Goals: A structured method for goal setting where targets are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time-bound. 'Improve my 1500m time by 5 seconds in 8 weeks' is a SMART goal.
SMART 目标： 一种结构化的目标设定方法，要求目标具体、可测量、可实现、相关且有时间限制。'在八周内将 1500 米成绩提高 5 秒' 是一个 SMART 目标。
Direct Aggression: Physical contact aimed at an opponent, such as a punch in boxing or a firm tackle within the rules. It must be controlled and permissible within the sport's regulations.
直接攻击： 针对对手的身体接触，例如拳击中的出拳或符合规则的激烈抢断。必须在体育规则允许的范围内且受控制。
6. Health, Fitness and Lifestyle Terms | 健康、体能与生活方式术语
Health-related Fitness: Components of fitness that contribute to overall health and well-being. They include cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance, muscular strength, flexibility and body composition.
健康相关体适能： 有助于整体健康和幸福的体适能组成部分。包括心血管耐力、肌肉耐力、肌肉力量、柔韧性和身体成分。
Cardiovascular Endurance: The ability of the heart, lungs and blood vessels to deliver oxygen to working muscles during prolonged exercise. It is tested through multi-stage fitness tests or the 12-minute Cooper run.
心血管耐力： 心脏、肺和血管在长时间运动中向工作肌肉输送氧气的能力。可通过多阶段体适能测试或 12 分钟库珀跑进行测试。
Muscular Endurance: The ability of a muscle or muscle group to perform repeated contractions against a resistance without tiring. Sit-up and press-up tests are common assessments.
肌肉耐力： 某块肌肉或肌群在对抗阻力时反复收缩而不疲劳的能力。仰卧起坐和俯卧撑测试是常见的评估方式。
Body Composition: The proportion of fat mass to fat-free mass (muscle, bone, water) in the body. Skinfold callipers and BMI are tools used to estimate body composition.
身体成分： 身体中脂肪质量与去脂质量（肌肉、骨骼、水分）的比例。皮脂钳和体重指数是用来估算身体成分的工具。
Agility: The ability to change direction quickly while maintaining balance and control. Sports like basketball, football and netball demand high levels of agility.
灵敏性： 快速改变方向并保持平衡与控制的能力。篮球、足球和无板篮球等运动对灵敏性要求很高。
Reaction Time: The time taken from the presentation of a stimulus to the beginning of a response. A sprinter reacting to the starting gun and a goalkeeper responding to a penalty kick both rely on short reaction times.
反应时： 从刺激出现到开始反应所需的时间。短跑运动员对发令枪声的反应、守门员对点球的反应都依赖较短的反应时。
Balance: The ability to maintain the body's centre of mass over its base of support. Balance can be static (holding a headstand) or dynamic (landing from a jump and staying upright).
平衡能力： 保持身体质心在支撑面之上的能力。可分为静态平衡（如保持头手倒立）和动态平衡（如落地后保持直立）。
7. Injury and Safety Terms | 损伤与安全术语
Sprain: An injury to a ligament caused by the joint being forced beyond its normal range of movement. Symptoms include pain, swelling and bruising. Ankle sprains are common in court and field sports.
扭伤： 关节被强行超出正常活动范围导致的韧带损伤。症状包括疼痛、肿胀和淤青。踝关节扭伤在场地运动中十分常见。
Strain: An injury to a muscle or tendon, often caused by overstretching or excessive force. Hamstring strains frequently occur during sprinting.
拉伤： 肌肉或肌腱的损伤，通常因过度拉伸或过大力量造成。腘绳肌拉伤常见于短跑过程中。
RICE Protocol: An immediate treatment method for soft tissue injuries. RICE stands for Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation. It aims to reduce swelling, relieve pain and speed up recovery in the first 48 hours.
RICE 原则： 软组织损伤的即时处理方法。RICE 代表休息、冰敷、加压和抬高。旨在头 48 小时内减轻肿胀、缓解疼痛并加速恢复。
Concussion: A mild traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head or body. Signs include headache, dizziness, confusion and memory problems. Any suspected concussion requires immediate removal from play and medical assessment.
脑震荡： 由头部或身体受到撞击引起的轻度创伤性脑损伤。迹象包括头痛、头晕、意识模糊
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