📚 Year 10 CIE Philosophy: Key Vocabulary Quick Memorisation Guide | 十年级 CIE 哲学：关键词汇速记指南
Mastering philosophical vocabulary is the first step towards constructing rigorous arguments and excelling in your CIE Year 10 Philosophy course. This guide breaks down essential terms into memorable chunks, pairing each concept with a simple mnemonic or memory aid so you can recall definitions confidently under exam pressure.
掌握哲学词汇是构建严谨论证并在 CIE 十年级哲学课程中取得优异成绩的第一步。本指南将核心术语分解为易于记忆的模块，为每个概念搭配简单的助记符或记忆窍门，使你在考试压力下也能自信地复述定义。
1. Epistemology: Knowledge and Belief | 认识论：知识与信念
Epistemology, from the Greek 'episteme' (knowledge), asks what knowledge is and how we acquire it. A quick trick: imagine an 'epic stem' — a sturdy plant stem representing the solid foundation of what you truly know.
认识论源自希腊语 "episteme"（知识），它探讨知识是什么以及我们如何获得知识。一个快速记忆法：想象一根 "史诗般的茎"（epic stem）—— 一根结实的植物茎代表你真正所知的坚实基础。
The standard definition of knowledge is 'justified true belief'. Remember this as the JTB formula. However, Edmund Gettier challenged this with counterexamples where justified true belief still fails to be knowledge. Think of a stopped clock that happens to show the correct time: you have a justified true belief that it is 3 o'clock, but you do not actually know it because your justification is unreliable.
知识的标准定义是 "确证的真信念"，记忆为 JTB 公式。但埃德蒙·盖提尔用反例挑战了它，在这些例子中，确证的真信念仍然不能构成知识。想象一个停了的钟恰好显示了正确时间：你拥有确证的真信念认为现在是3点，但你实际上并不知道，因为你的确证是不可靠的。
2. A Priori and A Posteriori | 先天与后天知识
A priori knowledge is independent of sense experience, such as '2+2=4'. Mnemonic: 'A priori' sounds like 'a priority' — something you know before any experience, as an intellectual priority.
先天知识是不依赖于感官经验的，例如 "2+2=4"。速记："A priori" 听起来像 "a priority"（优先事项）—— 你在任何经验之前就已经知道的东西，就像智力上的优先事项。
A posteriori knowledge depends on experience or empirical evidence, like 'The cat is on the mat'. Think 'post' means after — after you look, you know.
后天知识依赖于经验或实证证据，比如 "猫在垫子上"。记住 "post" 表示之后 —— 你看了之后才知道。
3. Rationalism and Empiricism | 理性主义与经验主义
Rationalists argue that reason is the primary source of knowledge, and we are born with innate ideas. René Descartes is a key figure. His famous 'Cogito, ergo sum' (I think, therefore I am) shows that even if you doubt everything, the act of doubting proves your existence. Recall: 'Rational' minds think first.
理性主义者主张理性是知识的主要来源，我们生来就具有天赋观念。勒内·笛卡尔是关键人物。他著名的 "我思故我在" 表明，即使你怀疑一切，怀疑这个行为本身就证明了你的存在。记住："理性的" 头脑先思考。
Empiricists like John Locke believe the mind is a 'tabula rasa' (blank slate) at birth, and all knowledge comes from sensory experience. Visualise a blank tablet that gets written on by your senses — 'empirical' evidence is that which you experience.
约翰·洛克等经验主义者相信，心灵在出生时是一块 "白板"，所有知识都来自感官经验。想象一块空白的平板，你的感官在上面书写——"经验的" 证据就是你所经历的。
4. Analytic and Synthetic Judgments | 分析判断与综合判断
An analytic statement is true by definition alone, such as 'All bachelors are unmarried'. The predicate is contained within the subject. Mnemonic: 'Analytic' is about analysing the meaning of words.
分析判断仅凭定义即为真，例如 "所有单身汉都是未婚的"。谓词包含在主词中。速记："分析的" 就是分析词语的含义。
A synthetic statement adds new information about the world that is not just definitional, for example 'The cat is black'. You need to check the world to verify it. Think of 'synthesising' new data.
综合判断为世界增添了新信息，不单单是定义性的，例如 "这只猫是黑色的"。你需要核实世界才能验证它。想象 "合成" 新数据。
5. Moral Theories: Deontology and Utilitarianism | 道德理论：义务论与功利主义
Deontology, from the Greek 'deon' (duty), judges the morality of an action based on rules and duties, not consequences. Kant's categorical imperative: act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. Memory hack: 'Deon' sounds like 'deed on' — focus on the deed, not the outcome.
义务论源自希腊语 "deon"（义务），它根据规则和义务而非后果来判断行为的道德性。康德的定言命令：只依照你同时愿意它成为普遍法则的准则去行动。记忆技巧："Deon" 听起来像 "deed on"（以行为为本）—— 关注行为本身，而非结果。
Utilitarianism, championed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, holds that the right action is the one that maximises overall happiness or utility. The principle of utility: the greatest good for the greatest number. Visualise a 'utility' meter that ticks up happiness points — you want the highest total.
功利主义由杰里米·边沁和约翰·斯图尔特·密尔倡导，主张正确的行为是能最大化总体幸福或效用的行为。功利原则：最大多数人的最大幸福。想象一个 "效用" 计量表在累积幸福点数——你想要最高的总点数。
6. Meta-Ethics: Cognitivism and Non-Cognitivism | 元伦理学：认知主义与非认知主义
Cognitivism claims that moral statements express beliefs that can be true or false — for example, 'Murder is wrong' is a proposition that can be known. Think of 'cognitive' as involving knowledge, so moral claims are knowledge-apt.
认知主义声称道德陈述表达了可真可假的信念——例如，"谋杀是错误的" 是一个可以被认知的命题。把 "认知的" 理解为涉及知识，所以道德主张是适于知识的。
hat moral language does not state facts but expresses emotions or commands. A.J. Ayer said 'Stealing is wrong' is like saying 'Stealing — Boo!'. Memory aid: 'Non-cognitive' = not a fact-stating but a feeling-evoking utterance.
非认知主义，例如情感主义，主张道德语言并不陈述事实，而是表达情感或命令。A.J. 艾耶尔说 "偷窃是错误的" 就像说 "偷窃——呸！"。记忆助手："非认知的" = 不是陈述事实，而是唤起情感的话语。
7. The Problem of Evil and Theodicies | 恶的问题与神义论
The logical problem of evil questions how an omnipotent, omnibenevolent God can allow suffering. The inconsistent triad: God is all-powerful, God is all-good, yet evil exists. One of these must be false. Remember the triad with the acronym 'PGE' (Power, Goodness, Evil).
恶的逻辑问题质疑全能、全善的上帝为何允许苦难存在。不一致的三元组：上帝全能、上帝全善，但恶却存在。这三者中必有一个为假。用缩略词 "PGE"（力量、善、恶）记住这个三元组。
A theodicy is an attempt to justify God's goodness despite evil. Augustine's theodicy argues
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