📚 Year 10 Cambridge Sociology: Quick Vocabulary and Terminology Guide | Year 10 Cambridge 社会学：词汇术语速记指南
This guide is designed to help Year 10 Cambridge Sociology students master the essential terms that appear across the syllabus. Understanding these key concepts is the foundation for success in both coursework and examinations, as sociological language allows you to analyse, describe and evaluate social structures and processes accurately.
本指南旨在帮助 Year 10 剑桥社会学学生掌握贯穿整个课程的核心术语。理解这些关键概念是课业和考试成功的基础，因为社会学语言能让你准确地分析、描述和评价社会结构与进程。
1. What is Sociology? | 什么是社会学？
Sociology is the systematic study of society, human social behaviour, and the structures and processes that shape social life. It examines how individuals interact within groups, how societies are organised, and how social change occurs over time. Key introductory terms include socialisation, norms, values, and social institutions.
社会学是对社会、人类社交行为以及塑造社会生活的结构与过程的系统性研究。它考察个体在群体中如何互动、社会如何组织以及社会变迁如何发生。入门的核心术语包括社会化、规范、价值观和社会制度。
Socialisation is the lifelong process of learning the norms, values, and behaviours appropriate to one’s culture. Primary socialisation occurs within the family, while secondary socialisation takes place through schools, peer groups and the media.
社会化是学习适合自身文化的规范、价值观和行为的终身过程。初级社会化发生在家庭中，次级社会化则通过学校、同伴群体和媒体进行。
Norms are unwritten rules of behaviour shared by members of a society, such as queuing or saying 'please' and 'thank you'. Values are deeply held beliefs about what is right and wrong, such as equality or respect for authority.
规范是社会成员共享的不成文行为规则，例如排队或说“请”和“谢谢”。价值观是关于是非对错的深层信念，比如平等或尊重权威。
2. Culture and Subculture | 文化与亚文化
Culture is the entire way of life of a group of people, including their language, beliefs, customs, and material objects. Sociologists distinguish between material culture (physical objects) and non‑material culture (ideas and symbols). A subculture is a group whose values and norms differ from those of the mainstream culture, yet they still coexist within the larger society.
文化是一个群体整体的生活方式，包括他们的语言、信仰、习俗和物质对象。社会学家区分物质文化（实物）和非物质文化（观念和符号）。亚文化是指其价值观和规范有别于主流文化，但仍然在更大社会中共存的群体。
Cultural diversity refers to the variety of cultural traditions and practices found within a single society or across the globe. High culture is often associated with the elite and classical arts, while popular culture is the everyday cultural products and activities enjoyed by the majority.
文化多样性指一个社会或全球范围内存在的多种文化传统和实践。高雅文化通常与精英阶层和古典艺术相关，而通俗文化是大多数人所享受的日常文化产品和活动。
3. Social Identity and the Self | 社会身份与自我
Social identity is the sense of who we are based on our membership in various social groups, such as ethnicity, nationality, gender, or social class. The self is not fixed at birth but develops through social interaction. Cooley’s concept of the 'looking‑glass self' suggests we form our self‑image by imagining how we appear to others.
社会身份是基于我们所属的各种社会群体（如种族、国籍、性别或社会阶层）而形成的自我认知。自我并非出生时就固定，而是在社交互动中发展起来的。库利的“镜中我”概念认为，我们通过想象自己在他人眼中的形象来形成自我意象。
Stereotypes are oversimplified and often exaggerated beliefs about a particular group. They can influence social identity by imposing labels that individuals may internalise. Labelling theory in sociology explores how being labelled 'deviant' or 'gifted' can shape a person’s self‑concept and behaviour.
刻板印象是对某一群体过度简化且常常夸大的信念。它们可能通过强加标签来影响社会身份，个体可能将这些标签内化。社会学中的标签理论探讨了被贴上“越轨”或“天才”这类标签如何塑造一个人的自我概念和行为。
4. Family and Household | 家庭与住户
A family is a social group of people related by blood, marriage, or adoption who typically share economic resources and care for one another. A household refers to a person living alone or a group of people living together who may or may not be related. The nuclear family consists of two parents and their dependent children, while the extended family includes additional relatives such as grandparents, aunts, and uncles.
家庭是由血缘、婚姻或收养关系联结，通常共享经济资源并相互照顾的社会群体。住户指单独居住的人或者住在一起的一群人，他们之间可能有或没有亲属关系。核心家庭由双亲和他们的未成年子女组成，而扩展家庭包含其他亲属，如祖父母、叔伯姑姨等。
Sociologists study changing family forms, including single‑parent families, same‑sex families, and reconstituted families (stepfamilies). The term kinship describes the network of social relationships based on blood and marriage ties.
社会学家研究不断变化的家庭形式，包括单亲家庭、同性家庭和重组家庭（继亲家庭）。亲属关系这个术语描述了基于血缘和婚姻纽带的社交关系网络。
5. Education and Sociological Perspectives | 教育与社会学视角
Education is the formal process of transmitting knowledge, skills, and values from one generation to the next. Functionalists argue that education promotes social integration and meritocracy, where individuals achieve based on ability and effort. Critics, however, point out that education can also reproduce social inequalities.
教育是向下一代传递知识、技能和价值观的正式过程。功能主义者认为教育促进社会融合和精英治理，即个体基于能力和努力取得成就。然而，批评者指出教育也可能再生产社会不平等。
Key terms include the hidden curriculum – the unofficial lessons about obedience, competition, and hierarchy that students learn at school. The self‑fulfilling prophecy occurs when teachers' expectations of pupils lead to those pupils performing accordingly, for better or worse.
关键术语包括隐性课程——学生在学校中习得的关于服从、竞争和等级的非正式教诲。自证预言则是指教师对学生的预期导致学生相应地表现出更好或更差的学业表现。
6. Social Stratification | 社会分层
Social stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals or groups in a society based on factors such as wealth, power, and prestige. Systems of stratification include slavery, caste, estate, and social class. In modern industrial societies, class is often measured by occupation, income, and education level.
社会分层是指基于财富、权力和声望等因素，个体或群体在社会中的等级化排列。分层体系包括奴隶制、种姓制、封建等级制和社会阶级。在现代工业社会，阶级常由职业、收入和教育水平来衡量。
Life chances, a concept from Max Weber, describe the opportunities each individual has to improve their quality of life. Social mobility is the movement of individuals or groups up or down the stratification ladder; it can be intergenerational (between generations) or intragenerational (within a person’s own lifetime).
生活机会是马克斯·韦伯提出的概念，描述了每个个体改善自身生活品质的机会。社会流动是个体或群体在分层阶梯上的上升或下降；它可以是代际的（两代人之间）或代内的（一个人自身生命历程内）。
7. Power, Authority and the State | 权力、权威与国家
Power is the ability to make others do what you want, even against their will. Authority is legitimate power that people accept as right and justified. Max Weber identified three types of authority: traditional (based on customs), charismatic (based on personal qualities), and rational‑legal (based on formal rules, such as in modern governments).
权力是让他人按你的意愿行事的能力，即使违背他们的意志。权威是合法的权力，人们接受其正确性和正当性。马克斯·韦伯归纳了三种权威类型：传统型（基于习俗）、魅力型（基于个人特质）和法理型（基于正式规则，如现代政府）。
The state is the political institution that holds a monopoly on the legitimate use of force within a given territory, and it makes laws that govern society. Citizenship involves the rights and duties of individuals in relation to the state, including civil, political, and social rights.
国家是在特定领土内垄断合法使用武力的政治机构，并制定治理社会的法律。公民身份涉及个体相对于国家的权利与义务，包括公民权利、政治权利和社会权利。
8. Deviance and Social Control | 越轨与社会控制
Deviance is behaviour that violates the norms or expectations of a society. It is not the act itself that is inherently deviant, but society’s reaction to it. Social control refers to the methods used to ensure individuals conform to accepted norms, ranging from informal sanctions (e.g., ridicule) to formal sanctions (e.g., imprisonment).
越轨是违反社会规范或期望的行为。并非行为本身天生越轨，而是社会对该行为的反应决定了其越轨性质。社会控制是指确保个体遵从公认规范的方法，从非正式制裁（如嘲笑）到正式制裁（如监禁）。
Anomie describes a state of normlessness that occurs when the usual guidelines for behaviour break down, often during rapid social change. Differential association theory suggests that deviant behaviour is learned through interaction with others who already engage in deviance.
失范描述了当常规行为准则瓦解时出现的无规范状态，常在快速社会变迁期间发生。差异交往理论认为越轨行为是通过与已从事越轨行为的他人互动而习得的。
9. Research Methods in Sociology | 社会学研究方法
Sociologists use both quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative data are numerical and allow for statistical analysis; they are often collected through surveys with closed‑ended questions. Qualitative data are rich in detail and meaning, gathered through interviews, observations, or analysis of documents.
社会学家同时使用定量和定性方法。定量数据是数值型，可进行统计分析；常通过带有封闭式问题的问卷收集。定性数据富含细节和意义，通过访谈、观察或文件分析获得。
Key terms include validity – whether a method measures what it claims to measure – and reliability – the consistency of results when the research is repeated. A sample is a subset of the population under study; if it is representative, findings can be generalised.
核心术语包括效度——方法是否测量了它所声称测量的内容——以及信度——研究重复进行时结果的一致性。样本是研究人群的一个子集；如果样本具有代表性，研究结果便可推广。
10. Quick Mnemonics for Key Terms | 关键术语速记技巧
Use the acronym NORM for the basic building blocks: Norms, Observable social facts, Roles, Material culture. Another useful memory tool: SOCIAL stands for Socialisation, Organisations, Culture, Institutions, Anthropology (a related field), and Labelling.
用首字母缩略词NORM来记忆基本构建块：Norms（规范）、Observable social facts（可观察的社会事实）、Roles（角色）、Material culture（物质文化）。另一个好用的记忆工具：SOCIAL代表Socialisation（社会化）、Organisations（组织）、Culture（文化）、Institutions（制度）、Anthropology（人类学，相关领域）和Labelling（标签）。
Create a concept map linking each term to an example from your own life. For instance, connect hidden curriculum to your school’s uniform policy, or deviance to a classroom rule you’ve seen broken and how others reacted. This personal connection makes recall faster during exams.
制作一张概念图，将每个术语与你自己生活中的一个例子联系起来。例如，将隐性课程与你们学校的校服规定联系起来，或者将越轨与你见过的课堂违规行为及他人反应联系起来。这种个人联结能让你在考试中更快回忆。
11. Putting Terminology into Practice | 将术语付诸实践
When writing essays or structured answers, always define the sociological term the first time you use it. Show the examiner that you not only memorise the term but also understand its application. For example, instead of writing 'There is a lot of inequality', use 'Social stratification means that life chances are unequally distributed along class lines.'
在撰写论文或结构化答案时，首次使用时总要给出社会学术语的定义。向考官展示你不仅记住了术语，还理解其应用。例如，不要写“有很多不平等”，而应使用“社会分层意味着生活机会沿着阶级界限不公平地分配”。
Practice with past papers where you highlight every key term in the question and in your answer. This habit will train you to use the precise vocabulary that earns marks. Keep a personal glossary on flashcards with the term on one side and the definition plus an example on the other.
利用历年真题进行练习，标出题目和答案中的每个关键术语。这个习惯会训练你使用能得分的精准词汇。把术语做成闪卡——一面写术语，另一面写定义和例子——做成你自己的术语表。
12. Final Recap and Revision Strategy | 最后归纳与复习策略
Sociology vocabulary is not just a list to remember; it is the lens through which you view society. Review the terms in thematic groups – socialisation, stratification, methods – rather than in isolation. Use the 'teach back' method: explain each term in your own words to a friend or family member; if you can teach it clearly, you have truly learned it.
社会学词汇不仅仅是一串要记住的列表，它是你观察社会的透镜。按主题分组复习术语——社会化、分层、方法——而不是孤立地看。使用“回教”法：用自己的话向朋友或家人解释每个术语；如果你能清晰地教给别人，就意味着你真正掌握了它。
Remember, Cambridge exam questions often ask you to 'identify and explain' or 'describe and analyse'. This means you need to deploy the correct term, define it, and then use it in context. Building a firm vocabulary foundation early in Year 10 will make Years 11 and the final assessments far less daunting.
请记住，剑桥的考试题目经常会要求你“识别并解释”或“描述并分析”。这意味着你需要使用正确的术语，下定义，然后在语境中加以运用。在 Year 10 早期就打下坚实的词汇基础，将使 Year 11 和最终评估变得轻松许多。
Commonly Confused Pairs | 常混淆词语对
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sex vs. Gender | Sex: biological differences; Gender: socially constructed roles |
| Race vs. Ethnicity | Race: physical traits; Ethnicity: cultural heritage and identity |
| Norm vs. Value | Norms: specific rules; Values: broad principles |
| Power vs. Authority | Power: force; Authority: legitimate power |
Memory Trick: The Sociologist’s Toolbox | 记忆法：社会学家的工具箱
Imagine each term as a different tool: a lens for observation (culture, norms), a ruler for measurement and comparison (stratification, life chances), and a magnet for detecting invisible forces (social control, hidden curriculum). When you read a news article, pick three tools and see what you can uncover.
把每个术语想象成一件不同的工具：观察用的是透镜（文化、规范），测量和比较用的是尺子（分层、生活机会），探测隐形力量的是磁铁（社会控制、隐性课程）。读一篇新闻时，挑三件工具，看看你能发现什么。
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