📚 Year 10 CIE Sociology: Essential Vocabulary & Mnemonics Guide | CIE 10年级社会学：核心词汇速记指南
Mastering key sociological terms is the quickest way to boost your confidence and exam performance. This guide groups essential vocabulary by topic, gives clear definitions and memorable memory tips in both English and Chinese, so you can learn and recall terminology fast.
掌握关键社会学术语是提升信心和考试成绩的最快途径。这份指南按主题分组整理核心词汇，提供清晰定义和易记的中英双语记忆技巧，帮助你快速学习和回忆术语。
1. Sociology & Key Perspectives | 社会学与主要视角
Sociology: the systematic study of human society, social groups and social interactions. Memory tip: 'Soci' = society, '-ology' = study of.
社会学： 对人类社会、社会群体和社会互动的系统研究。记忆技巧：'Soci' 表示社会，'-ology' 表示学问。
Social structure: the organised pattern of social relationships and institutions that make up society. Think of it as the skeleton of society.
社会结构： 构成社会的有组织的社会关系与制度模式。可以把它想象成社会的骨架。
Functionalism: ing organism, where each part (family, education) works to maintain stability. Memory tip: 'Function' = organs functioning together.
功能主义： 一种共识视角，把社会看作有生命的有机体，每个部分（家庭、教育）共同维持稳定。记忆技巧：'功能' 如同器官一起运作。
Marxism: class struggle between the bourgeoisie (owners) and the proletariat (workers). Memory tip: 'Marx' = class clash.
马克思主义： 一种冲突视角，关注资产阶级（所有者）与无产阶级（工人）之间的阶级斗争。记忆技巧：'马克思' 联想到阶级冲突。
Feminism: a conflict perspective that examines gender inequality and patriarchy. Memory tip: 'Fem' = female, fights for equality.
女性主义： 一种冲突视角，考察性别不平等和父权制。记忆技巧：'Fem' 指女性，为平等而斗争。
Interactionism: how individuals interact through symbols and meanings in small-scale settings. Memory tip: 'Interaction' = everyday face-to-face exchanges.
互动论： 一种微观视角，研究个体如何在小范围的场合通过符号和意义进行互动。记忆技巧：'互动' 联想到日常面对面交流。
2. Socialisation & Culture | 社会化与文化
Socialisation: : the lifelong process through which individuals learn the norms, values and roles of their society. Memory tip: 'Social' + 'isation' = becoming social.
社会化： 个体学习其社会规范、价值观和角色的终身过程。记忆技巧：'社会' + '化' = 变得合群。
Primary socialisation: : early learning of norms and values within the family, from birth to about age five. Memory tip: 'Primary' = first stage, like primary school.
初级社会化： 在家庭中早期学习规范与价值观的过程，从出生到约五岁。记忆技巧：'初级' 如同小学一样是最早阶段。
Secondary socialisation: ng : later learning that takes place beyond the family, through schools, peer groups and media. Memory tip: 'Secondary' = second stage agents.
次级社会化： 家庭之外发生的后续学习，通过学校、同辈群体和媒体进行。记忆技巧：'次级' 第二阶段的媒介。
Culture: : the whole way of life of a society, including language, beliefs, customs and material objects. Memory tip: 'Culture' = everything that makes a society unique.
文化： 一个社会的全部生活方式，包括语言、信仰、习俗和物质对象。记忆技巧：'文化' 造就社会独特性的所有事物。
Subculture: ociety that shares distinctive norms and values differing from the mainstream. Memory tip: 'Sub' = under or part of, like a sub-set of culture.
亚文化： 社会中拥有与主流文化不同的独特规范和价值观的群体。记忆技巧：'亚' 表示下位或部分，如同文化的一个子集。
3. Norms, Values & Social Control | 规范、价值观与社会控制
Norms: unwritten rules of behaviour that guide how people act in specific situations. Memory tip: 'Norm' = normal expected behaviour.
规范： 指导人们在特定情境下如何行动的不成文行为规则。记忆技巧：'规范' 即常态的预期行为。
Values: : deep-rooted beliefs about what is important and desirable in society, such as honesty or respect. Memory tip: 'Values' = what we value as good.
价值观： 关于社会中什么是重要和可取的深层信念，例如诚实或尊重。记忆技巧：'价值观' 即我们所珍视的美好事物。
Social control: chanisms used to ensure people conform to norms and values, through sanctions. Memory tip: 'Control' = keeping behaviour in check.
社会控制： 通过制裁确保人们遵守规范和价值观的各种机制。记忆技巧：'控制' 即约束行为。
Formal social control: xercised by official agencies like the police and courts, using written rules. Memory tip: 'Formal' = formal organisations, like school rules.
正式社会控制： 由官方的机构如警察和法院实施的控制，使用成文规则。记忆技巧：'正式' 如同校规一样有明文规定。
Informal social control: ontrol through family, friends and peer pressure, using disapproval or praise. Memory tip: 'Informal' = parents saying 'I'm disappointed in you'.
非正式社会控制： 通过家庭、朋友和同伴压力实施的控制，使用不赞成或表扬。记忆技巧：'非正式' 就像父母说 '我对你很失望'。
4. Status, Role & Identity | 地位、角色与身份
Status: the social position a person holds, which can be ascribed or achieved. Memory tip: 'Status' = your position in the social hierarchy.
地位： 个人持有的社会位置，可以是先赋的或自致的。记忆技巧：'地位' 即你在社会层级中的位置。
Ascribed status: a status fixed at birth, such as sex, race or being a prince. Memory tip: 'Ascribed' = assigned, you can't change it.
先赋地位： 与生俱来的固定地位，如性别、种族或王子身份。记忆技巧：'先赋' 即天生赋予，无法改变。
Achieved status: a status gained through personal effort and choices, like becoming a doctor. Memory tip: 'Achieved' = you achieve it through hard work.
自致地位： 通过个人努力和选择获得的地位，例如成为医生。记忆技巧：'自致' 即通过努力自己取得。
Role: the expected behaviour associated with a particular status. Memory tip: 'Role' = the part you play, like an actor's role.
角色： 与特定地位相关的一套预期行为。记忆技巧：'角色' 如同演员扮演的角色。
Role conflict: e demands of two or more statuses clash, e.g. being a student and an employee. Memory tip: 'Conflict' = clashing responsibilities.
角色冲突： 当两个或多个地位的要求发生矛盾时产生的紧张，例如同时是学生和雇员。记忆技巧：'冲突' 即责任互相打架。
Identity: : how individuals see themselves and how others see them, shaped by social factors. Memory tip: 'Identity' = who you are, your ID.
身份： 个体如何看待自己以及他人如何看待自己，受社会因素影响。记忆技巧：'身份' 如同你的身份证，代表你是谁。
5. Social Stratification | 社会分层
Social stratification: ment of individuals into layers based on factors like class, status and power. Memory tip: 'Strat' = strata, like layers of rock.
社会分层： 根据阶级、地位和权力等因素将个人划分为不同层级的社会安排。记忆技巧：'层' 如同岩层一样层层叠叠。
Social class: similar economic position and life chances, e.g. upper, middle, working class. Memory tip: 'Class' = classification by wealth and occupation.
社会阶级： 拥有相似经济地位和人生机会的一群人，如上流、中产、工人阶级。记忆技巧：'阶级' 即按财富与职业分类。
Life chances: al : the opportunities an individual has to access socially valued resources, such as good health and education. Memory tip: 'Chances' = your odds in life's lottery.
人生机会： 个人获取社会珍视资源（如良好的健康和教育）的机会。记忆技巧：'机会' 如同人生彩票中的中奖几率。
Power: the ability to make others do what you want, even against their will. Memory tip: 'Power' = control over people.
权力： 使他人按照你的意愿行事的能力，即使违背他们的意志。记忆技巧：'权力' 即对他人的控制力。
Status (Weber): social honour or prestige attached to a position, independent of wealth. Memory tip: 'Status' = respect, not just money.
地位（韦伯）： 附着于某个位置的社会荣誉或声望，独立于财富。记忆技巧：'地位' 关乎尊重，不只看钱。
6. Family | 家庭
Nuclear family: mily unit consisting of two generations: parents and their dependent children. Memory tip: 'Nuclear' = core unit, like the nucleus of an atom.
核心家庭： 由两代人组成的家庭单元：父母及其受抚养子女。记忆技巧：'核心' 如同原子核，是最基本的单位。
Extended family: lear family, such as grandparents, uncles or aunts, living together or nearby. Memory tip: 'Extended' = stretched beyond the nuclear core.
扩展家庭： 包含核心家庭以外的亲属的家庭结构，如祖父母、叔伯姑姨同住或邻近居住。记忆技巧：'扩展' 即从核心向外延伸。
Reconstituted family: n one or both partners remarry and bring children from previous relationships. Memory tip: 'Reconstituted' = reconstructed, like a remix.
重组家庭： 一方或双方再婚并带入前段关系子女所形成的混合家庭。记忆技巧：'重组' 即重新组合，如同混合版。
Symmetrical family: in which roles and responsibilities are shared more equally between partners. Memory tip: 'Symmetry' = balanced, like mirror image roles.
对称家庭： 伴侣之间角色与责任更为平等分担的家庭。记忆技巧：'对称' 如同镜像般平衡的角色。
Empty nest: : the stage in the family life cycle when children have left home, leaving the parents alone. Memory tip: 'Empty nest' = birds fly away, nest becomes quiet.
空巢： 家庭生命周期中子女离家，留下父母独处的阶段。记忆技巧：'空巢' 如同小鸟离巢，鸟窝变得安静。
7. Education | 教育
Meritocracy: e success is based on individual ability and effort, not on social background. Memory tip: 'Merit' = merit wins, like fair competition.
精英统治： 成功基于个人能力和努力而非社会背景的制度。记忆技巧：'功绩' 即靠真本事获胜，如同公平竞争。
Hidden curriculum: l : the informal lessons taught in school beyond the official syllabus, such as obedience, punctuality and conformity. Memory tip: 'Hidden' = unofficial lessons transferred silently.
隐性课程： 学校中超越正式教学大纲所传授的非正式内容，如服从、准时和从众。记忆技巧：'隐性' 如同无声传递的非官方课程。
Cultural capital: : the knowledge, tastes and language skills that give middle-class children an advantage in education. Memory tip: 'Capital' = assets that pay off, like cultural wealth.
文化资本： 使中产阶级子女在教育中占据优势的知识、品味和语言技能。记忆技巧：'资本' 如同带来回报的文化财富。
Self-fulfilling prophecy: me true; for instance, a pupil labelled as bright may work harder and succeed. Memory tip: 'Prophecy' = prediction that fulfills itself.
自我实现的预言： 一个预测直接导致自身成真；例如，被标定为聪明的学生会更努力并取得成功。记忆技巧：'预言' 自己让自己成真。
Streaming: ils according to perceived ability, often leading to a fixed curriculum track. Memory tip: 'Stream' = like water flowing in separate channels.
分层教学： 根据感知能力将学生分组，往往导致固定的课程轨道。记忆技巧：'分层' 如同水流进不同渠道。
8. Crime & Deviance | 犯罪与越轨
Deviance: behaviour that violates social norms, but which may not be illegal. Memory tip: 'Deviate' = away from the normal path.
越轨： 违反社会规范但可能不违法的行为。记忆技巧：'偏离' 即离开正常轨道。
Crime: an act that breaks the law and is punishable by the state. Memory tip: 'Crime' = illegal, you can be arrested.
犯罪： 触犯法律并受国家惩罚的行为。记忆技巧：'犯罪' 即非法，可能会被捕。
Anomie: a state of normlessness where society's shared rules break down, often leading to deviance. Memory tip: 'Anomie' = a–nomy, absence of norms.
失范： 社会共有规则瓦解的无规范状态，常导致越轨行为。记忆技巧：'失范' 如同无规范，a-nomy。
Labelling: ant identity to an individual; being publicly labelled may reinforce deviance. Memory tip: 'Label' = a sticker that sticks and shapes behaviour.
标签化： 将越轨身份贴附于个体的过程；被公开贴上标签可能强化越轨行为。记忆技巧：'标签' 如同粘性贴纸，塑造行为。
White-collar crime: itted by people in professional or high-status jobs, e.g. fraud, embezzlement. Memory tip: 'White-collar' = office shirt, not street crime.
白领犯罪： 从事专业或高地位工作的人实施的犯罪，如欺诈、挪用公款。记忆技巧：'白领' 即穿衬衫的办公族，不是街头犯罪。
9. Gender & Ethnicity | 性别与族裔
Gender: tructed roles, behaviours and attributes deemed appropriate for men and women. Memory tip: 'Gender' = social, not biological sex.
性别： 社会建构的被视为适合男性或女性的角色、行为与特质。记忆技巧：'性别' 是社会性的，区别于生物性别。
Patriarchy: inated social system where men hold primary power and women are disadvantaged. Memory tip: 'Patri' = father/rule of fathers.
父权制： 男性主导的社会制度，男性掌握主要权力而女性处于弱势。记忆技巧：'父权' 即父亲的统治。
Ethnicity: lture, language, history and traditions that give a group a sense of identity. Memory tip: 'Ethnic' = cultural roots, not race.
族裔： 共享的文化、语言、历史和传统，赋予群体身份认同感。记忆技巧：'族裔' 关乎文化根源，不单纯是种族。
Ethnic minority: ers culturally from the dominant population and often faces unequal treatment. Memory tip: 'Minority' = smaller in number, often less power.
少数族裔： 在文化上与主流人群不同的群体，常常面临不平等待遇。记忆技巧：'少数' 人数较少，往往权力较弱。
Glass ceiling: arrier that prevents women and ethnic minorities from rising to top positions. Memory tip: 'Glass ceiling' = you can see the top but can't break through.
玻璃天花板： 阻碍女性和少数族裔晋升至高层职位的隐形障碍。记忆技巧：'玻璃天花板' 能看到上层却冲不破。
10. Research Methods | 研究方法
Validity: h method measures what it intends to measure; valid data gives a true picture. Memory tip: 'Valid' = true, like a valid ticket.
效度： 研究方法衡量其意图测量内容的程度；有效的数据反映真实情况。记忆技巧：'有效' 像有效车票一样真实可靠。
Reliability: istency of research findings; if repeated, the same results would be obtained. Memory tip: 'Reliable' = repeatable, like a reliable friend always there.
信度： 研究发现的一致性；如果重复进行，会得到相同结果。记忆技巧：'可靠' 如同可靠的朋友总是如一。
Representativeness: the degree to which a sample mirrors the wider population it is drawn from. Memory tip: 'Represent' = accurately reflects the whole.
代表性： 样本反映其所来自的更广大总体的程度。记忆技巧：'代表' 即准确反映整体。
Qualitative data: a : non-numerical data that provides depth and meaning, such as words, interviews and observations. Memory tip: 'Quality' = descriptive richness.
定性资料： 提供深度和意义的非数值资料，如文字、访谈和观察记录。记忆技巧：'质' 描摹丰富的品质。
Quantitative data: at : numerical data that can be measured and statistically analysed, such as surveys and statistics. Memory tip: 'Quantity' = numbers and counts.
定量资料： 可测量和统计分析的数字资料，如问卷数据和统计数据。记忆技巧：'量' 即数字和计数。
Sampling: ting a subset of individuals from a wider population to take part in research. Memory tip: 'Sample' = a taste of the whole cake.
抽样： 从更广泛总体中选取部分个体参与研究。记忆技巧：'抽样' 如同品尝整个蛋糕的一小口。
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