📚 Year 10 Cambridge Psychology: Vocabulary Terminology Quick Memorization Guide | 剑桥Year 10心理学词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the specific terminology in Cambridge IGCSE Psychology is essential for achieving high marks in both Paper 1 and Paper 2. Terms like 'independent variable', 'conformity', and 'schema' may sound abstract at first, but with the right memorization techniques, they become second nature. This guide breaks down the most important Year 10 vocabulary into manageable categories, pairing every English definition with its Chinese equivalent and providing a memorable mnemonic or visual tip for rapid recall.
掌握剑桥IGCSE心理学中的专业术语，是你在Paper 1和Paper 2中取得高分的关键。像'自变量'、'从众'、'图式'这类词最初听起来可能很抽象，但只要用对记忆方法，它们就会变得自然而然。本指南将Year 10最重要的词汇分门别类，每个英文定义都配有中文对照，并提供便于记忆的助记符或视觉化技巧，帮助你快速提取。
1. Why Terminology Matters in Psychology | 为什么术语在心理学中很重要
Psychological terminology is not just jargon; it is a precise tool that allows researchers to describe behaviour, design experiments, and analyse data without ambiguity. In Cambridge exams, using the correct term demonstrates depth of understanding and can mean the difference between a grade 6 and a grade 8. For example, writing 'the factor that is measured' instead of 'dependent variable' loses marks in the knowledge and understanding assessment objective.
心理学术语不仅仅是行话，它是一种精确的工具，让研究者能够描述行为、设计实验并分析数据而不产生歧义。在剑桥考试中，使用正确的术语能体现理解的深度，可能就是6分和8分的区别。比如，写出'被测量的因素'而不是'因变量'，会在知识与理解评估目标中失分。
When you learn a term, always link it to a concrete example. This builds a strong semantic network in long-term memory. For instance, if you are memorising 'independent variable (IV)', picture a researcher turning a dial that changes the volume of music while measuring concentration. The image anchors the abstract definition.
当你学习一个术语时，一定要把它和一个具体的例子联系起来。这会在长时记忆中建立一个强大的语义网络。比如，记'自变量（IV）'时，想象一位研究者转动一个旋钮改变音乐的音量，同时测量专注度。这个画面把抽象的定义固定下来。
2. Research Methods: The Foundation | 研究方法：基础中的基础
Independent Variable (IV): The variable that the researcher deliberately changes or manipulates to observe its effect.
自变量（IV）: 研究者为了观察其效果而有目的地改变或操纵的变量。
Memory tip: 'I Change' the IV. Think of yourself as the 'I' who decides what to alter in the experiment.
记忆技巧: '我（I）改变'自变量。把自己想成实验里决定改变什么的那个'我'。
Dependent Variable (DV): The variable that is measured; it 'depends' on the independent variable.
因变量（DV）: 被测量的变量，它'依赖于'自变量的变化。
Memory tip: DV is the 'Data Value' you collect. The results depend on the IV.
记忆技巧: DV是你收集的'数据值（Data Value）'，结果取决于IV的变化。
Control Variable: Any variable that is kept constant to ensure the IV is the only cause of any change in the DV.
控制变量: 任何被保持恒定的变量，以确保IV是引起DV变化的唯一原因。
Memory tip: Think of 'control buttons' on a game console – you keep them the same so only your actions change the game.
记忆技巧: 想一想游戏手柄上的'控制按钮'——你让它们保持不变，这样只有你的操作会改变游戏局面。
Hypothesis: A precise, testable prediction stating the expected relationship between the IV and DV.
假设: 一个精确、可检验的预测，陈述了IV和DV之间预期的关系。
Memory tip: A hypothesis is your 'best guess before the test'. It must be operationalised, meaning the variables are clearly defined in measurable terms.
记忆技巧: 假设就是你'测试前的最佳猜测'。它必须可操作化，即变量用可测量的方式明确定义。
Null Hypothesis: A statement that there will be no difference or relationship between the IV and DV; any observed effect is due to chance.
零假设: 一种陈述，说明IV和DV之间没有差异或关系，任何观察到的效果都是由偶然因素造成的。
Memory tip: 'Null' means zero. The null hypothesis says the difference is zero – it is the skeptical starting point.
记忆技巧: 'Null'就是零。零假设声称差异为零——它是怀疑论的起点。
Operationalisation: The process of defining variables in a way that makes them measurable and concrete.
操作化: 将变量定义得可测量、具体明确的过程。
Memory tip: You turn a vague idea into an 'operation' or action. Instead of 'aggression', you operationalise it as 'number of times a participant hits a Bobo doll'.
记忆技巧: 你把模糊的想法转化为一个'操作'或动作。比如，不写'攻击性'，而是将它操作化为'参与者击打波波玩偶的次数'。
Independent Groups Design: An experimental design where different participants are used in each condition of the IV.
独立组设计: 一种实验设计，IV的每个条件使用不同的参与者。
Memory tip: 'Indie bands' are separate groups; similarly, independent groups have separate people in each level of the IV.
记忆技巧: '独立乐队'是分开的团体；同样地，独立组的每个IV水平都有不同的人。
Repeated Measures Design: The same participants take part in all conditions of the IV.
重复测量设计: 同一批参与者参与IV的所有条件。
Memory tip: Like repeating a recipe with the same ingredients – the same people are 'repeated' across conditions. Watch out for order effects!
记忆技巧: 就像用同样的食材重复做一道菜——同样的人在各个条件下被'重复'使用。要警惕顺序效应！
Random Sampling: Every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected.
随机抽样: 目标总体中的每个成员都有均等的机会被选中。
Memory tip: Imagine pulling names from a hat – that is 'random'. It reduces bias but is hard to achieve perfectly.
记忆技巧: 想象从帽子里抽名字——那就是'随机'。它能减少偏差，但很难做到完美。
3. Memory: Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval | 记忆：编码、存储与提取
Encoding: The process of transforming sensory input into a form that can be stored in memory.
编码: 将感官输入转化为能被记忆存储的形式的过程。
Memory tip: Think of encoding as typing a document into a computer – the original sound or image is converted into a mental code. Semantic encoding (linking to meaning) is the strongest.
记忆技巧: 把编码想象成把文件敲进电脑——原本的声音或图像被转换成心理代码。语义编码（联系意义）是最牢固的。
Storage: The retention of encoded information over time.
存储: 编码后的信息随时间的保持过程。
Memory tip: Storage is the hard drive of the brain. Just because you save a file does not mean it will never corrupt – memory decay can happen.
记忆技巧: 存储就像大脑的硬盘。你保存了文件，并不意味着它永远不会损坏——记忆消退有可能发生。
Retrieval: The process of accessing and bringing stored information back into conscious awareness.
提取: 获取存储的信息并将其带回意识层面的过程。
Memory tip: Recall is like using the 'search' function on your phone. Recognition (e.g., multiple-choice) is easier than free recall because a cue is present.
记忆技巧: 回忆就像使用手机的'搜索'功能。再认（如选择题）比自由回忆更容易，因为有线索提示。
Short-Term Memory (STM): A temporary memory store with limited capacity (7±2 items) and duration (about 18–30 seconds without rehearsal).
短时记忆（STM）: 一个暂时性的记忆储存，容量有限（7±2个组块），持续时间约18–30秒（无复述时）。
Memory tip: STM is the 'sticky note' of the mind – it holds a small amount of information briefly. Remember Miller's 'Magic Number 7'.
记忆技巧: STM是大脑的'便利贴'——暂时容纳少量信息。记住米勒的神奇数字7。
Long-Term Memory (LTM): A permanent memory store with potentially unlimited capacity and duration. It includes episodic, semantic, and procedural memories.
长时记忆（LTM）: 一个永久的记忆储存，容量和持续时间几乎无限。包括情节记忆、语义记忆和程序性记忆。
Memory tip: LTM is like a vast library. Episodic = personal 'episodes'; semantic = facts; procedural = skills like riding a bike.
记忆技巧: LTM像一个巨大的图书馆。情节记忆=个人'情节'；语义记忆=事实知识；程序性记忆=像骑自行车这样的技能。
Forgetting Curve: Ebbinghaus's finding that memory loss is rapid shortly after learning and then levels off, unless information is rehearsed.
遗忘曲线: 艾宾浩斯的发现，即学习后短时间内遗忘速度很快，随后趋于平缓，除非对信息进行复述。
Memory tip: Picture a steep ski slope that quickly flattens out – without revision, you forget most new info within the first hour.
记忆技巧: 想象一条陡峭的滑雪坡道迅速变平——不复习的话，大部分新信息在第一个小时内就被遗忘了。
Interference = old memories disrupt new ones; retroactive interference = new memories disrupt old ones.
干扰: 一种理论，认为遗忘是因为一个记忆扰乱了另一个记忆。前摄干扰=旧记忆干扰新记忆；倒摄干扰=新记忆干扰旧记忆。
Memory tip: Proactive = 'pro' (forward) – old info pushes forward and blocks new. Retroactive = 'retro' (backward) – new info works backward to disrupt old.
记忆技巧: 前摄='向前'作用——旧信息向前推进阻碍新信息。倒摄='向后'作用——新信息向后干扰旧信息。
4. Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience | 社会影响：从众与服从
Conformity: A change in a person's behaviour or opinion as a result of real or imagined group pressure.
从众: 由于真实或想象到的群体压力，个人行为或意见发生改变。
Memory tip: Conform = 'with the form'. You shift your shape to match the group. Remember Asch's line study – participants conformed to a clearly wrong answer to fit in.
记忆技巧: 从众='随大流'。你调整自己的形态来匹配群体。记住阿希的线段实验——参与者为了合群，随从了明显错误的答案。
Normative Social Influence: Conforming to be liked, accepted, or to avoid social rejection. It usually leads to public compliance but not private acceptance.
规范性社会影响: 为了被喜欢、被接纳或避免社会排斥而从众。通常导致公开服从，而非私下接纳。
Memory tip: Normative = 'normal' – o appear normal. You go along with the group on the outside but may not believe it inside.
记忆技巧: 规范性='正常'——你想要显得正常。你在外部随大流，但内心可能并不相信。
Informational Social Influence: Conforming because you believe others have more accurate knowledge, especially in ambiguous situations. This can lead to true internalisation.
信息性社会影响: 因为你相信他人拥有更准确的知识而从众，尤其在模棱两可的情境下。这可能导致真正的内化。
Memory tip: Informational = you get 'information' from the group. You look to others when you are unsure. Sherif's autokinetic effect study is a classic example.
记忆技巧: 信息性=你从群体中获得'信息'。当你不确定时，你会参考别人。谢里夫的游动效应研究是经典范例。
Obedience: Following a direct order from an authority figure, even if it goes against personal conscience.
服从: 遵从权威人物的直接命令，即使这与个人良知相悖。
Memory tip: Obedience = 'obey'. Think of Milgram's shock experiment – rticipants obeyed the experimenter despite signs of distress. Authority is the key factor.
记忆技巧: 服从='顺从'。想想米尔格拉姆的电击实验——尽管表现出痛苦，参与者还是服从了实验者的命令。权威是关键因素。
Deindividuation: A psychological state in which an individual loses their sense of personal identity and self-awareness, often in crowds or when wearing a uniform, leading to disinhibited behaviour.
去个性化: 一种心理状态，个人失去自我认同感和自我意识，常发生在人群中或穿着统一服装时，导致去抑制行为。
Memory tip: De-individu-ation = losing your 'individuality'. In a big crowd or a mask, you feel anonymous, so you might do things you wouldn't do alone.
记忆技巧: 去个性化=失去'个体性'。在人群中或戴着面具时，你感到匿名，因此可能做出独处时不会做的事。
5. Developmental Psychology: Piaget’s Key Ideas | 发展心理学：皮亚杰的关键概念
Schema: A mental framework or cognitive structure that helps us organise and interpret information. Schemas develop and change through assimilation and accommodation.
图式: 一种帮助我们组织和解释信息的心理框架或认知结构。图式通过同化和顺应得到发展和改变。
Memory tip: Schema sounds like 'scheme' – a mental blueprint. A baby’s grasping schema gets applied to toys, blankets, and even the cat.
记忆技巧: 图式听起来像'蓝图'——一种心理蓝图。婴儿的抓握图式会用在小玩具、毯子甚至猫身上。
Assimilation: Incorporating new experiences into existing schemas without changing them.
同化: 将新经验纳入现有图式而不改变图式本身。
Memory tip: Assimilation = 'same' schema. You see a zebra for the first time and call it a 'horse' – you try to fit the new thing into an existing category.
记忆技巧: 同化=保持图式'相同'。你第一次见到斑马叫它'马'——你试图把新事物塞进已有分类。
Accommodation: Changing existing schemas or creating new ones in response to new information that does not fit.
顺应: 改变原有图式或创造新图式，以应对不适配的新信息。
Memory tip: Accommodation = you 'accommodate' by rearranging the furniture. The child realises a zebra is not a horse and creates a new 'zebra' schema.
记忆技巧: 顺应=你为了'招待'客人重新布置家具。孩子意识到斑马不是马，于是创建了新的'斑马'图式。
Object Permanence: The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched. Achieved in the sensorimotor stage (0–2 years).
客体永久性: 理解物体即使看不见、听不到或触摸不到时也依然存在。这一能力在感知运动阶段（0–2岁）获得。
Memory tip: 'Peek-a-boo' becomes fun because they don't know you're still there! Once object permanence develops, the game loses its magic.
记忆技巧: '躲猫猫'之所以好玩是因为婴儿不知道你还在！一旦客体永久性形成，游戏就失去魔力了。
Conservation: The understanding that quantity remains the same even when its appearance changes. This is mastered in the concrete operational stage (7–11 years).
守恒: 理解即使物体的外观发生变化，其数量仍保持不变。此能力在具体运算阶段（7–11岁）掌握。
Memory tip: Water poured from a short wide glass into a tall thin glass looks like 'more', but a child who can conserve knows the amount is the same. They 'conserve' the quantity mentally.
记忆技巧: 水从矮胖杯子倒进高瘦杯子看起来'更多'了，但能守恒的孩子知道量是一样的。他们在心理上'守住'了数量。
6. Perception: Sensation and Interpretation | 感知：感觉与解释
Sensation: The process by which our sensory receptors detect physical energy from the environment and convert it into neural signals.
感觉: 我们的感觉感受器探测环境中的物理能量并将其转化为神经信号的过程。
Memory tip: Sensation = 'senses' taking in raw data. Light enters the eye, sound waves hit the ear – that’s sensation, before any meaning is attached.
记忆技巧: 感觉='感官'接收原始数据。光进入眼睛，声波撞击耳朵——在这些信息被赋予意义之前，就是感觉。
Perception: The brain's active process of organising, interpreting, and making sense of sensory information.
知觉: 大脑积极组织、解释和理解感觉信息的过程。
Memory tip: Perception = 'interpretation' rain turns the raw sensory puzzle pieces into a meaningful picture. Look at the Rubin vase – one sensation, two possible perceptions.
记忆技巧: 知觉='解释'。你的大脑把原始的感觉拼图碎片拼成有意义的画面。看鲁宾花瓶——同样的感觉刺激，可能有两种知觉。
Depth Cues: Visual signals that help us perceive distance and three-dimensional space. They are divided into binocular (two-eye) and monocular (one-eye) cues.
深度线索: 帮助我们感知距离和三维空间的视觉信号。分为双眼线索和单眼线索。
Memory tip: Binocular = 'two eyes' (like binoculars). Retinal disparity is a binocular cue. Monocular = 'one eye' – you can still get depth with one eye closed, using relative size or linear perspective.
记忆技巧: 双眼='两只眼睛'（像望远镜）。双眼视差是双眼线索。单眼='一只眼睛'——你闭上一只眼睛仍能感知深度，借助相对大小或线条透视。
Perceptual Constancy: The tendency to perceive objects as stable and unchanging despite changes in sensory input, such as size constancy and colour constancy.
知觉恒常性: 尽管感觉输入发生变化，仍然倾向于将物体知觉为稳定不变，如大小恒常性和颜色恒常性。
Memory tip: A person walking away from you does not seem to shrink; your brain 'constantly' adjusts the perception, knowing the real size is the same.
记忆技巧: 一个人从你身边走远，你不会觉得他变小了；你的大脑'恒定地'调整知觉，知道真实大小不变。
7. Memory Tricks for Psychological Terms | 心理学术语的记忆技巧
Use acronyms to compress lists. For the seven ethical guidelines in psychological research, remember 'CAN DO WIC' – Competence, Anonymity, No harm, Deception, Opportunity to withdraw, Welfare of animals, Informed consent, Confidentiality. Create a silly image for each letter to make it stick.
使用首字母缩写来压缩列表。心理学研究的七项伦理准则，记住'CAN DO WIC'——胜任力、匿名、无伤害、欺骗、退出机会、动物福利、知情同意、保密性。为每个字母编一个滑稽的画面，加深印象。
The Method of Loci (Memory Palace) works brilliantly for process theories. To recall the stages of information processing, picture each stage in a room of your house: you 'encode' the mail at the front door, 'store' the letters in a filing cabinet in the study, and 'retrieve' a letter to read it in the living room. Vivid imagery connects the abstract sequence to a familiar route.
位置记忆法（记忆宫殿）对过程理论非常有效。要回忆信息加工的各阶段，把你家的每个房间当作一个阶段：在门口'编码'邮件，把信'存储'在书房的文件柜里，然后在客厅'提取'一封信来读。生动的画面将抽象序列与你熟悉的路线联系起来。
Word splitting reveals hidden meanings. 'Psychopathology' can be split into 'psycho' (mind) + 'pathology' (disease). 'Neuroplasticity' = 'neuro' (nerve) + 'plastic' (changeable). Breaking words into Greek or Latin roots gives you a permanent anchor.
拆分单词能揭示隐藏含义。'Psychopathology'可拆分为'psycho'(心灵)+'pathology'(疾病)。'Neuroplasticity'='neuro'(神经)+'plastic'(可塑)。将单词拆成希腊或拉丁词根，能给你一个永久性锚点。
Turn abstract terms into tangible analogies. The 'id, ego, and superego' become characters: the id is a impulsive toddler screaming 'I want it now!', the superego is a strict headteacher wagging a finger, and the ego is a busy secretary trying to satisfy both. Role-playing in your mind solidifies the functions.
把抽象术语转成具体类比。'本我、自我和超我'变成角色：本我是一个冲动的小孩大喊'我现在就要！'，超我是一个严厉的校长摇着手指，自我则是一个忙碌的秘书试图让两者都满意。在脑海中进行角色扮演能巩固功能。
8. Final Review: Top 20 Terms to Absolutely Know | 最终复习：必须掌握的20个核心术语
This table summarises the 20 most frequently examined terms in Cambridge IGCSE Psychology. Skim it the night before your exam and test yourself by covering the definition column. Each term is paired with a one-line memory hook.
下表总结了剑桥IGCSE心理学中最常考的20个术语。考试前一晚扫读一遍，挡住定义栏自测。每个术语都配有一行记忆挂钩。
| Term / 术语 | Definition / 定义 | Memory Hook / 记忆挂钩 |
|---|---|---|
| Independent Variable / 自变量 | The factor you change. / 你改变的因素。 | 'I Change' it. / '我改变'它。 |
| Dependent Variable / 因变量 | The factor you measure. / 你测量的因素。 | 'Data' depends on IV. / '数据'依赖IV。 |
| Hypothesis / 假设 | Testable prediction. / 可检验预测。 | Best 'hypo(gue)ss' before test. / 测试前最佳猜测。 |
| Null Hypothesis / 零假设 | Stating no effect or relationship. / 陈述无效应或无关。 | 'Null' = zero difference. / 'Null'=零差异。 |
| Operationalisation / 操作化 | Making variables measurable. / 使变量可测量。 | Turn concept into 'operation'. / 变概念为'操作'。 |
| Conformity / 从众 | Yielding to group pressure. / 屈服于群体压力。 | 'Con-form' to the group. /
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