📚 Year 10 CIE Geography: Rapid Vocabulary & Terminology Guide | Year 10 CIE 地理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key geographical vocabulary is the first step to success in CIE IGCSE Geography. This guide breaks down the most important terms by topic and provides memory shortcuts to help you recall definitions with confidence, so you can apply them in data-response questions, case studies, and exam essays.
掌握关键的地理词汇是在 CIE IGCSE 地理考试中取得成功的第一步。本指南按主题拆解最重要的术语，并提供记忆捷径，帮助你自信地回忆定义，从而在数据分析题、案例研究和考试论文中灵活运用。
1. Population Dynamics | 人口动态
Birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 people per year. Death rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 people per year. The difference gives natural increase: a positive number means the population is growing naturally, without migration.
出生率是指每年每千人中的活产婴儿数。死亡率是指每年每千人中的死亡人数。二者之差即为自然增长率：正数表示人口在无迁移的情况下自然增长。
The dependency ratio compares the non-working population (aged 0–14 and 65+) with the working population (15–64). It is calculated as:
抚养比将非劳动年龄人口（0–14岁和65岁以上）与劳动年龄人口（15–64岁）进行比较。计算公式为：
Dependency Ratio = [(Number of dependents) ÷ (Working population)] × 100
Infant mortality rate (IMR) is the number of children who die before their first birthday per 1,000 live births. Life expectancy is the average number of years a person can expect to live.
婴儿死亡率（IMR）是每千名活产婴儿中在一周岁前死亡的儿童数量。预期寿命是指一个人预期能存活的平均年数。
A population pyramid is a bar chart showing the age and sex structure of a population. Expansive pyramids (wide base) indicate high birth rates; constrictive pyramids (narrow base) suggest an ageing population.
人口金字塔是展示人口年龄和性别结构的柱状图。扩张型金字塔（底部宽）表示高出生率；收缩型金字塔（底部窄）表明人口老龄化。
The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) shows how birth rates, death rates, and total population change over time through five stages. Understanding the DTM helps you explain why countries have different population structures.
人口转变模型（DTM）展示了出生率、死亡率和总人口如何随着时间经历五个阶段而变化。理解该模型有助于解释为什么不同国家会有不同的人口结构。
2. Migration | 人口迁移
Migration is the permanent or semi-permanent movement of people from one place to another. Push factors are negative conditions that drive people away from an area (e.g., famine, war, lack of jobs). Pull factors are positive attractions that draw people to a new area (e.g., better jobs, safety, good climate).
迁移是指人们从一个地方永久或半永久性地移动到另一个地方。推力因素是驱使人们离开某地的负面条件（如饥荒、战争、缺乏就业）。拉力因素是吸引人们来到新地区的正面因素（如更好的工作、安全、宜人的气候）。
A refugee is a person forced to flee their country because of persecution, war, or violence. An asylum seeker is someone who has applied for protection as a refugee but hasn't yet received a decision.
难民是指因迫害、战争或暴力而被迫逃离本国的人。寻求庇护者是已申请难民身份但尚未收到裁决的人。
Net migration is the difference between the number of immigrants (people moving in) and emigrants (people moving out). The formula is:
净迁移率是迁入人数（移民入境）与迁出人数（移民出境）之差。公式为：
Net Migration Rate = [(Immigrants – Emigrants) ÷ Total Population] × 1,000
For CIE exams, be ready to label push/pull factors on diagrams and apply them to real case studies such as Mexico–USA migration or rural–urban movement in China.
在 CIE 考试中，要准备好标记示意图上的推力/拉力因素，并将其应用到墨西哥-美国的人口迁移或中国的城乡流动等真实案例研究中。
3. Settlement Patterns | 聚落模式
The site of a settlement is the actual land it is built on, including its physical characteristics like flat land, a river, or a hill. The situation describes the settlement's location in relation to other places—e.g., near a market or a major road junction.
聚落的选址是指它实际建造的土地，包括其自然特征，如平坦地块、河流或山丘。区位描述聚落相对于其他地点的位置——例如，靠近市场或主要道路交汇处。
A settlement's function is its main economic or social purpose (market town, port, tourist resort). Over time, functions can change—a former mining village might become a commuter settlement.
聚落的功能是其主要的经相或社会用途（集镇、港口、旅游胜地）。随着时间的推移，功能可能发生变化——昔日的矿业村落或许会变成通勤聚落。
The hierarchy of settlements ranks places by size and importance: from isolated dwellings and hamlets to villages, towns, and cities. Higher-order settlements have a wider sphere of influence (the area they serve). The threshold population is the minimum number of customers needed for a service to be viable, and the range is the maximum distance people are willing to travel for that service.
聚落等级体系按规模和重要性排序，从孤立住宅、小村庄到村庄、城镇和城市。高级别的聚落拥有更广的服务范围（它们所服务的区域）。门槛人口是指某项服务能够生存所需的最低顾客数量，而服务半径是人们愿意为此服务出行的最大距离。
4. Urbanization | 城市化
Urbanization is the increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas. It happens most rapidly in LEDCs (Less Economically Developed Countries) today. Urban sprawl is the uncontrolled spread of cities into the surrounding countryside.
城市化是指居住在城市地区的人口比例相对于农村地区增加。当今城市化在欠发达国家（LEDC）进展最快。城市蔓延指城市无控制地向周边乡村地区扩张。
Counterurbanization is the movement of people from urban areas back to rural areas, often seen in MEDCs (More Economically Developed Countries) where people seek a better quality of life. Gentrification occurs when wealthier people move into run-down inner-city areas, renovating properties and changing the social character of the neighbourhood.
逆城市化是指人口从城市迁回农村的现象，常见于较发达国家（MEDC），人们追求更优质的生活。绅士化发生于较富裕的人群迁入衰败的内城区，修缮房屋并改变街区的社会特征。
A shanty town or informal settlement is an unplanned, often illegal residential area with makeshift housing, poor sanitation, and a lack of basic services—common on the fringes of cities in developing countries.
棚户区或非正式聚落是一种缺乏规划、通常非法的住宅区，房屋简陋，卫生条件差，缺乏基本服务——常见于发展中国家城市的边缘地带。
5. Economic Activities | 经济活动
Economic activities are classified into four sectors: primary (extracting raw materials—farming, fishing, mining), secondary (manufacturing and construction), tertiary (providing services—retail, education, healthcare), and quaternary (knowledge-based activities—research, ICT).
经济活动分为四个部门：第一产业（获取原材料——农业、渔业、矿业），第二产业（制造和建筑业），第三产业（提供服务——零售、教育、医疗），第四产业（知识型活动——研究、信息技术）。
As countries develop, the percentage of people employed in primary industry decreases while tertiary and quaternary employment increases. This pattern is key to understanding employment structures in countries at different levels of development.
随着国家发展，第一产业的就业比例下降，而第三和第四产业的就业比例上升。这一模式对于理解不同发展水平国家的就业结构至关重要。
6. Agriculture | 农业
Subsistence farming is when farmers grow food mainly for their own families, with little surplus for sale. Commercial farming produces crops and livestock for sale in the market, often on a large scale and with high inputs.
自给性农业是指农民主要为自己家庭种植粮食，少有剩余可出售。商品性农业为市场销售而生产作物和牲畜，通常规模大、投入高。
Intensive farming uses high inputs (labour, capital, fertilisers) per unit of land to achieve high yields. Extensive farming uses large areas of land with relatively low inputs per hectare, such as sheep ranching in Australia.
集约农业每单位土地投入较高（劳动力、资金、化肥）以获取高产。粗放农业使用大面积土地，每公顷投入相对较低，例如澳大利亚的牧羊业。
Key crop types: arable (growing crops), pastoral (raising animals), and mixed (both). The Green Revolution refers to the introduction of high-yielding varieties, chemical fertilisers, and irrigation in developing countries to boost food production.
主要农业类型：种植业（种植作物），畜牧业（饲养动物），以及混合农业（两者兼有）。绿色革命指在发展中国家引入高产品种、化肥和灌溉以提高粮食产量。
7. Industry | 工业
Industrial location factors include land, labour, capital, raw materials, energy, transport, and markets. Footloose industries are not tied to a specific location and can be placed wherever conditions are favourable—like software development.
工业区位因素包括土地、劳动力、资本、原料、能源、运输和市场。自由布局型工业不受特定地点约束，可设于条件有利的任何地方——如软件开发。
Heavy industry involves large-scale production of bulky, heavy goods (steel, ships) and tends to locate near raw materials. Hi-tech industries use advanced technology and skilled workers and often cluster near universities. Industrial inertia is when a firm stays in its original location even after the original advantages have disappeared, because of the cost and disruption of moving.
重工业涉及大规模生产体积大、重量重的产品（钢铁、船舶），往往靠近原产地。高科技工业使用先进技术和熟练工人，常集聚在大学附近。工业惯性是指即使原有的优势已经消失，企业仍留在原址，原因是搬迁成本和中断风险。
8. Tourism | 旅游业
Mass tourism is large-scale, packaged holiday tourism that brings large numbers of tourists to popular destinations. It can boost the economy but also strains the environment and local culture. Ecotourism aims to conserve the environment and support local communities while providing travellers with a responsible, low-impact experience.
大众旅游指大规模的打包度假旅游，将大量游客带到热门目的地。它能促进经济，但也给环境和当地文化带来压力。生态旅游旨在保护环境、支持当地社区，同时为游客提供负责任、低影响的体验。
Sustainable tourism meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunities for the future. The multiplier effect describes how money spent by tourists circulates through the local economy, creating additional jobs and income.
可持续旅游在满足当前游客和接待地区需求的同时，保护并增强未来的机遇。乘数效应描述游客的消费如何在当地经济中循环流通，从而创造更多的就业和收入。
Carrying capacity is the maximum number of people who can use a site without unacceptable damage to the environment or visitor experience. Exceeding it leads to pollution, footpath erosion, and cultural conflict.
承载力是指一个地点在不造成不可接受的环境破坏或游客体验下降的前提下，所能容纳的最大人数。超出承载力将导致污染、步道侵蚀和文化冲突。
9. Energy and Resources | 能源与资源
Renewable energy sources can be replenished naturally in a short time: solar, wind, hydroelectric, tidal, geothermal, and biomass. Non-renewable energy sources—coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear fuels—are finite and will eventually run out.
可再生能源能在短时间内自然补充：太阳能、风能、水电、潮汐能、地热能和生物质能。不可再生能源——煤、石油、天然气和核燃料——储量有限，终将枯竭。
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In resource management, this might mean using energy efficiently and switching to renewables.
可持续发展是既满足当代人的需求，又不危及后代满足其需求能力的发展。在资源管理中，这可能意味着高效利用能源并转向可再生能源。
10. Development Indicators | 发展指标
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total value of goods and services produced within a country in a year. Gross National Income (GNI) is GDP plus income from overseas investments. Both are often expressed per capita to enable comparisons.
国内生产总值（GDP）是一国一年内生产的商品和服务的总价值。国民总收入（GNI）是 GDP 加上来自海外投资的收入。两者常以人均值表示，以便进行比较。
The Human Development Index (HDI) combines life expectancy, education (mean and expected years of schooling), and GNI per capita into a single score between 0 and 1. It gives a broader picture of development than income alone.
人类发展指数（HDI）将预期寿命、教育（平均和预期受教育年限）以及人均 GNI 综合为一个 0 到 1 之间的分值。它比单纯的收入指标更全面地反映发展水平。
Other important indicators include the literacy rate, the infant mortality rate, and calorie intake per person. For CIE, you must be able to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each indicator.
其他重要指标包括识字率、婴儿死亡率和人均卡路里摄入量。对 CIE 考试而言，你必须能够评价每种指标的优缺点。
11. Map Skills and Fieldwork | 地图技能与实地考察
Contour lines join points of equal height above sea level; closely spaced contours indicate steep slopes, while widely spaced contours show gentle slopes. Gradient is the steepness of a slope, calculated as:
等高线连接海拔高度相等的点；密集的等高线表示陡坡，稀疏的等高线表示缓坡。坡度表示斜坡的陡峭程度，计算公式为：
Gradient = Vertical rise ÷ Horizontal distance
A cross-section is a side view of the landscape along a line, drawn from contour information. Fieldwork techniques include land-use surveys, pedestrian counts, questionnaires, and environmental quality assessments. Sampling methods (random, systematic, stratified) help you collect representative data without surveying everyone.
剖面图是根据等高线绘制的沿某一线条的地表侧视图。实地考察技术包括土地利用调查、行人计数、问卷调查和环境质量评估。抽样方法（随机、系统、分层）帮助你在不调查所有人的情况下收集有代表性的数据。
12. Memory Tricks and Exam Tips | 记忆诀窍与考试技巧
Use mnemonics to recall lists: for push/pull factors, remember PUSH = Poverty, Unemployment, Social unrest, Hazards; PULL = Peace, Urban amenities, Livelihood, Liberty. Create your own for settlement functions or energy types.
使用助记法来回忆列表：对于推力/拉力因素，记住 PUSH = Poverty（贫困）、Unemployment（失业）、Social unrest（社会动荡）、Hazards（灾害）；PULL = Peace（和平）、Urban amenities（城市便利）、Livelihood（生计）、Liberty（自由）。你也可以为聚落功能或能源类型自创助记法。
Command words matter: describe means say what you see (no explanation); explain means give reasons; evaluate means weigh up pros and cons and give a judgement. Always read the command word before writing your answer.
指令词至关重要：describe（描述）是指陈述所见（无需解释）；explain（解释）是指给出原因；evaluate（评价）需要权衡利弊并作出判断。作答前务必先读懂指令词。
When tackling data-response questions, mention the general trend, quote specific figures, and point out any anomalies. This three-step technique can turn a simple description into a high-mark answer.
在回答数据分析题时，要提及总体趋势、引用具体数据并指出任何异常值。这三步技巧能将一个简单的描述转化为高分答案。
Finally, build a glossary as you revise: write the term, a concise definition, and one real-world example. Regularly testing yourself with flashcards will embed the vocabulary in your long-term memory.
最后，在复习过程中建立一个词汇表：写下术语、简明定义以及一个真实案例。定期用卡片自测，将词汇深深印入你的长期记忆。
Published by TutorHao | Geography Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图