CIE IGCSE Geography Formula & Theorem Quick Reference | CIE IGCSE 地理公式定理速查手册

📚 CIE IGCSE Geography Formula & Theorem Quick Reference | CIE IGCSE 地理公式定理速查手册

This quick-reference handbook compiles all essential formulas, key indicators and quantitative methods required for the CIE IGCSE Geography syllabus (0460). Mastering these will boost your confidence in data-response questions, calculation tasks and map-skills examinations.

本速查手册汇总了 CIE IGCSE 地理（0460）大纲要求的所有核心公式、关键指标与定量方法。熟练掌握这些内容能显著提升你处理数据分析题、计算题和地图技能考题的信心与准确性。

1. Population Demographics | 人口统计学

Crude Birth Rate (CBR) = (Number of live births ÷ Total mid-year population) × 1000

粗出生率 = (活产新生儿数 ÷ 年中总人口) × 1000

Crude Death Rate (CDR) = (Number of deaths ÷ Total mid-year population) × 1000

粗死亡率 = (死亡人数 ÷ 年中总人口) × 1000

Natural Increase Rate (NIR) % = (CBR − CDR) ÷ 10

自然增长率（百分比）= (粗出生率 − 粗死亡率) ÷ 10

Population growth rate = NIR + Net migration rate

人口增长率 = 自然增长率 + 净迁移率

Doubling time (years) ≈ 70 ÷ Growth rate (%)

人口倍增时间（年）≈ 70 ÷ 年增长率（%）

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2. Migration | 迁移

Net migration = Number of immigrants − Number of emigrants

净迁移量 = 迁入人数 − 迁出人数

Net migration rate (‰) = (Net migration ÷ Total population) × 1000

净迁移率（‰）= (净迁移量 ÷ 总人口) × 1000

Population change = (Births − Deaths) + (Immigrants − Emigrants)

人口变化量 = (出生 − 死亡) + (迁入 − 迁出)

Push-pull factors influence migration flows, but there is no single formula; the net effect is captured by the net migration rate.

推拉因素影响迁移流向，但不以单一公式表达；净效果由净迁移率体现。

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3. Population Structure & Dependency | 人口结构与依赖

Dependency ratio = [(Pop. 0−14 + Pop. 65+) ÷ Pop. 15−64] × 100

总抚养比 = [(0−14 岁人口 + 65 岁及以上人口) ÷ 15−64 岁人口] × 100

Youth dependency ratio = (Pop. 0−14 ÷ Pop. 15−64) × 100

少年抚养比 = (0−14 岁人口 ÷ 15−64 岁人口) × 100

Elderly dependency ratio = (Pop. 65+ ÷ Pop. 15−64) × 100

老年抚养比 = (65 岁及以上人口 ÷ 15−64 岁人口) × 100

Sex ratio = (Number of males ÷ Number of females) × 100

性别比 = (男性人口 ÷ 女性人口) × 100

The Demographic Transition Model describes changes in birth and death rates over time; its stages are interpreted through CBR, CDR and NIR trends.

人口转变模型通过出生率、死亡率和自然增长率的变化划分阶段，理解各阶段的CBR-CDR关系即可。

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4. Urbanisation & Settlement | 城市化与聚落

Urban population % = (Urban population ÷ Total population) × 100

城镇人口比重 = (城镇人口 ÷ 总人口) × 100

Rate of urbanisation = (Increase in urban pop. ÷ Urban pop. at start) × 100

城市化速度 = (城镇人口增长量 ÷ 期初城镇人口) × 100

Population density (persons/km²) = Total population ÷ Land area

人口密度（人/平方千米）= 总人口 ÷ 土地面积

on of largest city ÷ n. This is a descriptive regularity, not a strict formula for CIE exams.

位序-规模法则（理论性）：第 n 大城市人口 ≈ 最大城市人口 ÷ n。此为描述性规律，CIE 考试中仅作理解。

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5. Economic Development | 经济发展

GDP per capita = Total GDP ÷ Total population

人均国内生产总值 = 国内生产总值 ÷ 总人口

GNI per capita = Total GNI ÷ Total population

人均国民总收入 = 国民总收入 ÷ 总人口

Literacy rate = (Literate adults ÷ Total adult population) × 100

成人识字率 = (成年识字人口 ÷ 成年总人口) × 100

Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn is expected to live under current mortality patterns. No calculation formula is used in exams; interpret from tables or graphs.

预期寿命是在当前死亡率条件下新生儿预期存活的平均年数。考试中无需计算，直接从表格或图表读取。

HDI is a composite index of life expectancy, education (mean and expected years of schooling) and GNI per capita. Components are normalised and aggregated, but the full formula is not required at IGCSE.

人类发展指数（HDI）是预期寿命、教育（平均与预期受教育年限）和人均 GNI

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