📚 Year 10 Cambridge Science: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Revision Guide | 剑桥十年级科学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key scientific vocabulary is the first step towards success in Year 10 Cambridge Science. This guide breaks down essential terms from Physics, Chemistry and Biology into clear, memorable chunks, with memory tips to help you recall them quickly during revision and exams.
掌握关键的科学词汇是在十年级剑桥科学中取得成功的第一步。本指南将物理、化学、生物的核心术语分解成清晰易记的模块，并附上记忆技巧，帮助你在复习和考试中快速调用。
1. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Distance is the total length of the path travelled by an object. It is a scalar quantity, meaning it has magnitude only.
距离 是物体运动轨迹的总长度，为标量，只有大小没有方向。
Displacement is the straight-line distance from the starting point to the finishing point in a given direction. It is a vector quantity. Think of a 'straight arrow' from start to finish.
位移 是从起点到终点的直线距离，并带有方向，是矢量。想象一支从起点指向终点的“直箭”。
Speed is the rate of change of distance. It is a scalar and is calculated as distance ÷ time.
速率 是距离变化的快慢，为标量，计算公式：速率 = 距离 ÷ 时间。
Velocity is speed in a given direction. If you change direction, your velocity changes even if your speed stays the same.
速度 是带有方向的速率。即使速率不变，只要方向改变，速度就改变了。
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. It can involve speeding up, slowing down (deceleration) or changing direction. Unit: m/s².
加速度 是速度变化的快慢，可以是加速、减速或方向变化，单位是 m/s²。
Force is a push or pull that can change an object's motion or shape. Measured in newtons (N). Remember the equation: Force (N) = mass (kg) × acceleration (m/s²).
力 是能改变物体运动状态或形状的推或拉，单位为牛顿 (N)。记公式：力 = 质量 × 加速度。
Mass vs Weight: Mass is the amount of matter (kg) and does not vary; weight is the pull of gravity (N) and changes with gravitational field strength. On Earth, weight = mass × 9.8. Mnemonic: 'Mass is Massive stuff, Weight changes with World'.
质量与重量：质量是物质的量 (kg)，不随位置改变；重量是重力 (N)，随引力场强度变化。地球上重量 ≈ 质量 × 9.8。记忆口诀：“质不变，重随引”。
2. Energy | 能量
Kinetic energy (KE) is the energy of motion. It depends on mass and speed: KE = ½ × m × v². Double the speed means four times the kinetic energy.
动能 是运动能量，取决于质量和速度：动能 = ½ mv²。速度加倍，动能增为四倍。
Gravitational potential energy (GPE) is stored energy due to height: GPE = m × g × h, where g is gravitational field strength (≈10 N/kg on Earth).
重力势能 是因高度而储存的能量：重力势能 = mgh，g 约为 10 N/kg。
Work done is the energy transferred when a force moves an object: Work (J) = force (N) × distance (m). If nothing moves, no work is done.
做功 是力使物体移动时的能量转移：功 = 力 × 在力的方向上移动的距离。无移动则无功。
Power is the rate of doing work or transferring energy: Power (W) = work done (J) / time (s) or P = E / t.
功率 是做功或能量转移的快慢：功率 = 功 ÷ 时间，或 P = E / t，单位瓦特 (W)。
Efficiency = (useful output energy / total input energy) × 100%. No machine is 100% efficient; some energy is always wasted as heat.
效率 = (有用输出能量 ÷ 总输入能量) × 100%。没有机器能达到 100% 效率，总有热量损失。
3. Waves | 波
Transverse waves have oscillations perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer (e.g. light, water ripples). Think 'up and down' while energy moves forward.
横波 的振动方向与能量传播方向垂直（如光波、水波）。可记作“上下振动，向前传能”。
Longitudinal waves have oscillations parallel to energy transfer (e.g. sound). Particles squash together and stretch apart.
纵波 的振动方向与能量传播方向平行（如声波），形成疏密相间的区域。
Amplitude um is the maximum displacement from the rest position. Larger amplitude → louder sound or brighter light.
振幅 是质点离开平衡位置的最大位移。振幅越大，声音越响、光越强。
Wavelength (λ) is the distance between two consecutive crests or compressions. Measured in metres.
波长 (λ) 是两个相邻波峰或密部之间的距离，单位为米。
Frequency (f) is the number of complete waves passing a point per second, measured in hertz (Hz). Period (T) = 1 / f.
频率 (f) 是每秒通过某点的完整波数，单位赫兹 (Hz)。周期 T = 1/f。
The wave speed equation: v = f × λ. Use it to find speed if you know frequency and wavelength.
波速方程：v = f × λ。已知频率和波长即可求波速。
4. Electricity | 电学
Current (I) is the rate of flow of electric charge. Measured in amperes (A). Think of it as the number of electrons passing a point per second.
电流 (I) 是电荷流动的速率，单位安培 (A)。可想象为每秒通过某点的电子数量。
Voltage (V), or potential difference, is the energy transferred per unit charge. It is the 'push' that drives current. Measured in volts (V).
电压 (V)，即电势差，是单位电荷转移的能量，是驱动电流的“推力”，单位伏特 (V)。
Resistance (R) opposes the flow of current. Measured in ohms (Ω). A thin or long wire has more resistance.
电阻 (R) 阻碍电流流动，单位欧姆 (Ω)。又细又长的导线电阻更大。
Ohm's Law links these three: V = I × R. For a fixed resistor, current is proportional to voltage.
欧姆定律 将三者联系起来：V = I × R。对于定值电阻，电流与电压成正比。
In a series circuit, current is the same everywhere, but voltage is shared. In a parallel circuit, voltage is the same across each branch, but current splits.
在串联电路中，各处电流相等，电压分配；在并联电路中，各支路电压相等，电流分流。
Electrical power: P = I × V. A device with a higher power rating transforms more energy each second.
电功率：P = I × V。额定功率越大的用电器每秒转化的能量越多。
5. Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table | 原子结构与周期表
Atom: the smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction. It consists of a nucleus (protons and neutrons) surrounded by electrons.
原子：能参与化学反应的元素最小粒子，由原子核（质子和中子）与核外电子构成。
Proton: positive charge, relative mass 1, found in nucleus. Neutron: no charge, mass 1, also in nucleus. Electron: negative charge, mass nearly 0, orbits nucleus.
质子：带正电，相对质量 1，位于核内。中子：不带电，质量约 1，也在核内。电子：带负电，质量约为 0，绕核运动。
Atomic number (Z) = number of protons. It defines the element. Mass number (A) = protons + neutrons. For a neutral atom, electrons = protons.
原子序数 (Z) = 质子数，决定元素种类。质量数 (A) = 质子数 + 中子数。中性原子中，电子数 = 质子数。
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons, hence different mass numbers but the same chemical properties.
同位素 是质子数相同但中子数不同的原子，质量数不同但化学性质几乎相同。
A group is a vertical column in the periodic table; elements in the same group have similar chemical properties. A period is a horizontal row.
族是周期表的纵列，同族元素化学性质相似；周期是横行。
6. Chemical Bonding | 化学键
Ionic bonding: occurs between metals and non-metals. Metals lose electrons to form positive ions (cations), non-metals gain electrons to form negative ions (anions). Oppositely charged ions attract strongly.
离子键：金属与非金属之间，金属失电子形成阳离子，非金属得电子形成阴离子，阴阳离子通过静电作用结合。
Covalent bonding: occurs between non-metal atoms that share one or more pairs of electrons. Simple molecular substances have low melting points; giant covalent structures (e.g. diamond, SiO₂) have very high melting points.
共价键：非金属原子间通过共用电子对结合。简单分子物质熔点低；巨型共价结构（如金刚石、二氧化硅）熔点很高。
Metallic bonding: found in metals. Positive metal ions are arranged in a regular lattice, surrounded by a sea of delocalised electrons. This explains conductivity and malleability.
金属键：金属正离子规则排列，沉浸在自由电子的“海洋”中，因此金属能导电且具有延展性。
An ion is a charged particle formed when an atom gains or loses electrons. A molecule is a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds.
离子 是原子得失电子后形成的带电粒子；分子 是由共价键结合的原子团。
7. Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry | 化学反应与计量
Reactants are substances that undergo a chemical change; products are the new substances formed.
反应物 是参与化学变化的物质；生成物 是反应生成的新物质。
Exothermic reactions release energy, usually as heat (e.g. combustion). Endothermic reactions absorb energy from the surroundings (e.g. photosynthesis).
放热反应 释放能量（如燃烧）；吸热反应 从环境吸收能量（如光合作用）。
A catalyst speeds up a reaction without being used up. It lowers the activation energy. Biological catalysts are called enzymes.
催化剂 能加快反应速率，自身质量与化学性质不变，通过降低活化能起作用。生物催化剂称为酶。
The mole is the unit for amount of substance. One mole contains 6.02 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro' tant). The mass of one mole (molar mass) in grams equals the relative atomic/formula mass.
摩尔 是物质的量单位，1 mol 含 6.02 × 10²³ 个微粒（阿伏伽德罗常数）。摩尔质量 (g/mol) 数值上等于相对原子/分子质量。
The empirical formula gives the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound. The molecular formula gives the actual numbers.
经验式（最简式） 表示化合物中各原子的最简整数比；分子式 表示实际原子个数。
8. Acids, Bases, and Salts | 酸、碱和盐
An acid is a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H⁺) in water. Common acids: HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃. Acids have pH less than 7.
酸 是在水中释放氢离子 (H⁺) 的物质，常见的酸有 HCl、H₂SO₄、HNO₃，pH 小于 7。
A base is a substance that neutralises an acid. An alkali is a soluble base that releases hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in water. Alkalis have pH greater than 7.
碱 是能中和酸的物质；可溶性碱（alkali） 在水中释放氢氧根离子 (OH⁻)，pH 大于 7。
The pH scale measures acidity or alkalinity: 0–6 acidic, 7 neutral, 8–14 alkaline. Universal indicator shows a range of colours.
pH 标度 衡量酸碱度：0–6 酸性，7 中性，8–14 碱性。通用指示剂呈现不同颜色。
Neutralisation: H⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq) → H₂O(l). Acid + base → salt + water. A salt is the ionic compound formed when the hydrogen of an acid is replaced by a metal or ammonium ion.
中和反应：H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O。酸 + 碱 → 盐 + 水。盐 是酸中的氢被金属或铵根取代形成的离子化合物。
9. Cell Biology | 细胞生物学
A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. All cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material.
细胞 是生物体结构和功能的基本单位，都具有细胞膜、细胞质和遗传物质。
The nucleus contains DNA and controls cell activities. Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance where chemical reactions occur. The cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell.
细胞核 含 DNA，控制细胞活动；细胞质 是发生化学反应的胶状物质；细胞膜 控制物质进出。
Plant cells also have a cell wall (rigid, made of cellulose), chloroplasts (site of photosynthesis) and a large permanent vacuole (stores sap).
植物细胞还有细胞壁（坚韧，由纤维素组成）、叶绿体（光合作用场所）和中央大液泡（储存细胞液）。
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a low concentration, down a gradient, no energy needed.
扩散 是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动，顺浓度梯度，不耗能。
Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a dilute to a more concentrated solution.
渗透 是水分子通过半透膜从低浓度溶液向高浓度溶液的扩散。
Active transport moves substances against a concentration gradient (low to high) using energy from respiration.
主动运输 利用呼吸作用提供的能量，逆浓度梯度（从低到高）运输物质。
10. Photosynthesis and Respiration | 光合作用与呼吸作用
Photosynthesis tion: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen, in the presence of chlorophyll and light.
光合作用 是植物利用光能制造葡萄糖的过程。文字表达式：二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气，需要叶绿素和光。
The balanced symbol equation is often written: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂. Remember, chlorophyll absorbs light energy.
化学方程式：6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂。叶绿素负责吸收光能。
Respiration releases energy from glucose. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ lots of energy).
呼吸作用 从葡萄糖释放能量。有氧呼吸 需要氧气：葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水（+ 大量能量）。
Anaerobic respiration ). In yeast, it’s called fermentation: glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide (+ some energy).
无氧呼吸 在缺氧时进行。肌肉中：葡萄糖 → 乳酸；酵母中（发酵）：葡萄糖 → 乙醇 + 二氧化碳。
11. Ecology | 生态学
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with their non-living environment. A habitat is the place where an organism lives.
生态系统 是生物群落与其非生物环境相互作用的整体；栖息地 是生物生活的地方。
A population is all the organisms of one species in a habitat. A community includes all populations of different species living together.
种群 是同一栖息地中同种生物的所有个体；群落 是不同种群的集合。
Producers (e.g. plants) make their own food via photosynthesis. Consumers eat other organisms. Decomposers (bacteria,
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