📚 Year 10 Cambridge Science: Core Knowledge Overview | Year 10 Cambridge 科学：核心知识点梳理
The Year 10 Cambridge Science curriculum builds a strong foundation across Biology, Chemistry and Physics. This article highlights the essential topics you must master, from cell biology to atomic structure and from forces to electricity. Understanding these key concepts will prepare you for your IGCSE exams and deepen your scientific thinking.
Year 10剑桥科学课程为生物、化学和物理打下坚实基础。本文梳理了从细胞生物学到原子结构、从力到电学你必须掌握的核心主题。理解这些关键概念将帮助你为IGCSE考试做好准备，并深化你的科学思维。
1. Cell Biology | 细胞生物学
All living organisms are composed of cells. Animal cells contain a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes. Plant cells have these structures plus a rigid cell wall, chloroplasts for photosynthesis and a large permanent vacuole filled with cell sap.
所有生物体都由细胞组成。动物细胞含有细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜、线粒体和核糖体。植物细胞除了这些结构之外，还具有坚硬的细胞壁、进行光合作用的叶绿体以及充满细胞液的大液泡。
Cells can be specialised for different functions. For example, red blood cells are biconcave discs with no nucleus to maximise oxygen transport, while root hair cells have long extensions to absorb water and minerals from the soil.
细胞可以特化以适应不同功能。例如，红细胞呈双凹圆盘状且无细胞核，以最大限度地运输氧气；而根毛细胞具有长长的突起，用于从土壤中吸收水分和矿物质。
2. Movement of Substances | 物质的运输
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. It is a passive process that does not require energy. Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution.
扩散是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域净移动的过程。这是一个不消耗能量的被动过程。渗透是水分子通过部分透性膜从稀溶液向较浓溶液扩散的过程。
Active transport moves substances against the concentration gradient, from low to high concentration, using energy from respiration. This is crucial for ion uptake in plant roots and glucose absorption in the human small intestine.
主动运输利用呼吸作用释放的能量，使物质逆浓度梯度（从低浓度到高浓度）移动。这对于植物根系吸收离子和人体小肠吸收葡萄糖至关重要。
3. Enzymes and Digestion | 酶与消化
Enzymes are biological catalysts made of protein. They speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy. Each enzyme has an active site that is specific to its substrate, often explained by the lock-and-key model. Enzyme activity is affected by temperature and pH; denaturation occurs at extremes, permanently changing the shape of the active site.
酶是由蛋白质构成的生物催化剂。它们通过降低活化能来加快化学反应。每种酶都有一个对底物具有特异性的活性位点，通常用“锁钥模型”来解释。酶的活性受温度和pH值的影响；在极端条件下酶会变性，永久改变活性位点的形状。
In the human digestive system, amylase breaks down starch into maltose, protease digests proteins into amino acids, and lipase breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol. Bile neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats to increase the surface area for lipase action.
在人体消化系统中，淀粉酶将淀粉分解为麦芽糖，蛋白酶将蛋白质消化为氨基酸，脂肪酶将脂质分解为脂肪酸和甘油。胆汁能中和胃酸并乳化脂肪，以增加脂肪酶作用的表面积。
4. Transport Systems in Plants and Animals | 植物和动物的运输系统
Plants have two transport tissues: xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals upwards from the roots; its vessels are dead and strengthened by lignin. Phloem transports sucrose and amino acids both up and down the plant; its living sieve tubes are supported by companion cells. Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from leaves, driven by evaporation and pulling water up through the xylem in the transpiration stream.
植物有两种运输组织：木质部和韧皮部。木质部向上运输水和溶解的矿物质；其导管是死细胞并由木质素加固。韧皮部向植物上下运输蔗糖和氨基酸；其活筛管由伴胞提供支持。蒸腾作用是水蒸气从叶片散失的过程，由蒸发驱动并通过蒸腾流将水拉上木质部。
In humans, the heart pumps blood around a double circulatory system. Arteries carry blood away from the heart under high pressure; veins return blood to the heart and have valves to prevent backflow; capillaries are tiny, thin-walled vessels where exchange of substances occurs. Blood carries oxygen via red blood cells, nutrients, hormones and waste products.
人类体内，心脏将血液泵送到双循环系统中。动脉在高压下将血液带离心脏；静脉将血液送回心脏并具有防止回流的瓣膜；毛细血管是极细且壁薄的小血管，是物质交换的场所。血液通过红细胞运输氧气，同时运输营养物质、激素和废物。
5. Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table | 原子结构与周期表
An atom consists of a central nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in energy shells. Proton number (atomic number) determines the element, while the nucleon number (mass number) is the total of protons and neutrons. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
原子由一个包含质子和中子的中心原子核以及核外能量壳层中的电子组成。质子数（原子序数）决定了元素，而核子数（质量数）是质子与中子总数。同位素是同一种元素的中子数不同的原子。
The Periodic Table arranges elements in order of increasing atomic number. Groups (vertical columns) contain elements with similar chemical properties due to the same number of outer electrons. Periods (horizontal rows) show repeating trends in properties. Group 1 contains the reactive alkali metals; Group 7 contains the halogens; Group 0 (Group 8) contains the unreactive noble gases.
周期表按原子序数递增的顺序排列元素。族（纵列）中的元素因最外层电子数相同而具有相似的化学性质。周期（横行）显示性质的重现趋势。第1族包含活泼的碱金属；第7族包含卤素；第0族（第8族）包含惰性的稀有气体。
6. Chemical Bonding and Structure | 化学键与结构
Ionic bonding occurs between metals and non-metals. Metals lose electrons to form positive ions (cations), while non-metals gain electrons to form negative ions (anions). The strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions forms a giant ionic lattice with high melting and boiling points. Sodium chloride (NaCl) has a Na⁺ and Cl⁻ arrangement.
离子键发生在金属与非金属之间。金属失去电子形成阳离子，非金属得到电子形成阴离子。带相反电荷离子之间的强静电引力形成具有高熔点和沸点的巨大离子晶格。氯化钠（NaCl）具有Na⁺和Cl⁻的排列。
Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electron pairs between non-metal atoms. Simple molecular substances like H₂O and CO₂ have low melting and boiling points and do not conduct electricity. Giant covalent structures, such as diamond and silicon dioxide, have very high melting points and are typically hard. Graphite is an exception, conducting electricity due to delocalised electrons between layers.
共价键涉及非金属原子之间共用电子对。像H₂O和CO₂这样的简单分子物质具有低的熔点和沸点，不导电。如金刚石和二氧化硅等巨型共价结构具有非常高的熔点且通常很坚硬。石墨是个例外，由于层间有离域电子而能导电。
7. Stoichiometry and Chemical Calculations | 化学计量学与化学计算
ss (Mᵣ) is the sum of the Aᵣ values of all atoms in a formula unit. For example, Mᵣ of H₂O = (2×1) + 16 = 18.
元素的相对原子质量（Aᵣ）是其同位素质量与碳-12原子质量的1/12相比的平均值。相对式量（Mᵣ）是一个化学式单元中所有原子Aᵣ值的总和。例如，H₂O的Mᵣ = (2×1) + 16 = 18。
ced equations show the mole ratio of reactants and products, allowing you to calculate reacting masses and volumes of gases (1 mole of any gas occupies 24 dm³ at room temperature and pressure, r.t.p.).
摩尔是物质的量的单位，含6.02 × 10²³个粒子。你可以通过质量计算摩尔数：摩尔 = 质量 / Mᵣ。配平的化学方程式显示了反应物和产物的摩尔比，使你能够计算反应质量以及气体体积（在室温和常压下，1摩尔任何气体占据24 dm³）。
8. Motion and Forces | 运动与力
Speed is the distance travelled per unit time: v = s / t. Velocity is speed in a given direction. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity: a = (v – u) / t. A distance–time graph shows motion; the gradient gives speed. A velocity–time graph's gradient gives acceleration, and the area under the graph gives distance travelled.
速度是单位时间内走过的距离：v = s / t。速率是给定方向上的速度。加速度是速度变化的速率：a = (v – u) / t。距离–时间图像表示运动；其斜率给出速度。速度–时间图像的斜率给出加速度，图像下的面积给出行驶的距离。
Forces can change the shape, speed or direction of an object. Newton's first law states that an object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by a resultant force. Newton's second law links force, mass and acceleration: F = m × a. Weight is the force of gravity on a mass: W = m × g, where g ≈ 10 m/s² on Earth. Friction and air resistance oppose motion.
力可以改变物体的形状、
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