📚 Essential Vocabulary for CIE Year 10 Psychology: A Quick Memory Guide | CIE Year 10 心理学核心术语速记指南
Mastering the key terms in CIE Year 10 Psychology is not just about memorising definitions — it is about building a mental framework that will help you analyse studies, design research, and score top marks in your exam. This guide breaks down the most important vocabulary into logical groups and shows you simple, effective ways to remember them for the long term.
掌握 CIE Year 10 心理学的核心术语不仅仅是背诵定义——更重要的是建立起一套思维框架，帮助你分析研究、设计实验并在考试中拿下高分。这份指南将最重要的词汇分成逻辑清晰的组别，并教给你简单有效的长期记忆方法。
1. Independent and Dependent Variables | 自变量与因变量
The independent variable (IV) is the factor the researcher deliberately changes or manipulates. Think of it as the 'I-change' variable: 'I' for independent and 'I' for I alter it.
自变量（IV）是研究者有意改变或操纵的因素。可以把它想成“我改变”的变量：“我”即自变量，由我来改动。
The dependent variable (DV) is the outcome that is measured. It depends on the IV. To remember: the DV is the Data you collect, and it depends on what you did to the IV.
因变量（DV）是被测量的结果，它取决于自变量。记忆法：DV 就是你收集的数据（Data），它依赖于你对 IV 做了什么。
For example, in a study testing whether noise affects memory recall, the IV is noise level (loud vs. silent), and the DV is the number of words correctly recalled.
例如，在一项测试噪音是否影响记忆回忆的研究中，IV 是噪音水平（吵闹 vs. 安静），DV 是正确回忆出的单词数量。
2. Experimental and Control Conditions | 实验条件与对照条件
The experimental condition is the group that receives the independent variable (the 'treatment'). The control condition receives no treatment or a placebo, providing a baseline for comparison.
实验条件是接受自变量（“处理”）的那一组。对照条件则不接受任何处理或接受安慰剂，提供比较的基线。
Think of the control condition as the 'neutral zone' — you control for everything except the IV. Without it, you cannot be sure if the IV caused any change in the DV.
把对照条件想象成“中性区”——除了 IV 以外你控制了所有因素。没有它，你就无法确定 IV 是否引起了 DV 的变化。
A helpful mnemonic: 'Control = Compare'. You need a control group to compare results and see the effect of the IV.
一个有用的助记法：“Control = Compare”。你需要对照组来比较结果，从而看到 IV 的效果。
3. Operationalisation of Variables | 变量的操作化
Operationalisation means defining exactly how you will measure or manipulate a variable. 'Operation' is the key — you turn an abstract idea into a concrete, step-by-step operation.
操作化意味着精确地定义你将如何测量或操纵一个变量。“操作”是关键——你把一个抽象的想法变成一个具体的、分步的操作过程。
For instance, 'aggression' is too vague, but 'the number of times a child hits a Bobo doll within a 10‑minute session' is operationalised.
例如，“攻击性”太模糊，但“儿童在 10 分钟内击打波波玩偶的次数”就是操作化后的定义。
Always ask yourself: 'How exactly am I going to measure this?' Operationalisation answers that question and ensures reliability.
永远要问自己：“我到底要怎么测量它？”操作化回答了这个问题，并保证了研究的信度。
4. Hypothesis Types: Null, Alternative, One‑tailed, Two‑tailed | 假设类型：零假设、备择假设、单尾与双尾
A hypothesis is a clear, testable prediction. The null hypothesis (H₀) states there is no effect or no difference between groups. It is the 'nothing' hypothesis — think of 'null' as 'zero effect'.
假设是一个清晰、可检验的预测。零假设（H₀）声称组间没有效应或没有差异。它就是“无”假设——把 null 想成“零效应”。
The alternative hypothesis (H₁ or Ha) states there is an effect or a difference. It is what the researcher actually believes might be true.
备择假设（H₁ 或 Ha）声称存在效应或差异。它就是研究者真正认为可能为真的假设。
A one‑tailed (directional) hypothesis predicts the direction of the result, such as 'Group A will score higher than Group B'. A two‑tailed (non‑directional) hypothesis simply predicts a difference, but does not specify which group will be higher.
单尾（方向性）假设预测结果的方向，比如“A 组得分将高于 B 组”。双尾（非方向性）假设只预测有差异，但不具体指明哪组更高。
Mnemonic: in a one‑tailed hypothesis, the prediction points one way, like a single‑tailed comet.
记忆法：单尾假设中，预测指向一个方向，像一颗单尾彗星。
5. Reliability and Validity | 信度与效度
. If you repeat the study under the same conditions, you should get similar results. Think 'Re‑liable = Repeatable'.
信度指一致性。如果你在相同条件下重复研究，应得到相似的结果。联想记忆：“re‑liable = repeatable”（可重复）。
Validity refers to accuracy — whether the study truly measures what it claims to measure. 'Valid = Truthful', just like a valid passport proves your identity.
效度指准确性——研究是否真正测量了它声称要测量的东西。“效度 = 真实性”，就像有效护照证明你的身份一样。
Internal validity means the results are due to the IV and not confounding variables. External validity means findings can be generalised to other settings and people. Ecological validity is a type of external validity: does the task reflect real life?
内部效度意味着结果归因于自变量而非混淆变量。外部效度指研究结果能否推广到其他环境和人群中。生态效度是外部效度的一种：任务反映真实生活吗？
A simple analogy: a weighing scale can be reliable (same reading every time) but not valid (if it is calibrated 5 kg too high). It is consistently wrong.
一个简单的类比：一个体重秤可能信度高（每次读数相同）但效度低（如果总是高 5 公斤）。它是持续出错的。
6. Quantitative vs. Qualitative Data | 定量数据与定性数据
Quantitative data is numerical — quantities, percentages, reaction times. Think 'quant‑itative = quantity = numbers'.
定量数据是数值型的——数量、百分比、反应时间。联想：“量”化为数字。
Qualitative data is descriptive, non‑numerical — often in the form of words, interviews, or observations. Think 'qual‑itative = quality = words that describe qualities'.
定性数据是描述性的、非数值的——常以文字、访谈或观察的形式存在。联想：“性质”描述特征。
Quantitative data is easier to analyse statistically, but qualitative data provides richer, deeper insights into behaviour. Many studies use both, known as mixed‑methods.
定量数据更容易进行统计分析，但定性数据能提供更丰富、更深入的行为洞察。许多研究两者兼用，称为混合方法。
7. Sampling Techniques: Random, Opportunity, Volunteer | 抽样方法：随机、便利、志愿者
Random sampling means every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected, like drawing names from a hat. It is the best method to avoid bias but hard to achieve perfectly.
随机抽样意味着目标人群中的每个成员都有均等的机会被选中，就像从帽子里抽名字。它是避免偏差的最佳方法，但很难完美做到。
Opportunity sampling involves selecting whoever is available and willing. It is quick and convenient but may not represent the whole population well. Remember: 'Opportunity knocks — you take whoever is there'.
便利抽样涉及选择任何可接触且愿意参与的人。它快速方便，但可能无法很好地代表整体人群。记住：“机会来敲门——你抓到谁就是谁”。
Volunteer sampling, or self‑selected sampling, relies on people responding to an advert. This can lead to a biased sample of highly motivated individuals. The volunteers are 'self‑selected', not forced.
志愿者抽样，或称自选抽样，依赖于人们对广告做出回应。这可能导致样本偏向高度积极的个体。志愿者是“自选”的，不是被迫的。
To evaluate sampling, remember the phrase 'Representative or not?' A sample should mirror the target population; otherwise, generalisation is weak.
评估抽样时，记住一句话：“样本有代表性吗？”样本应当反映目标人群；否则推广性就比较薄弱。
8. Key Memory Terms: Sensory, Short‑term, Long‑term | 记忆核心术语：感觉记忆、短时记忆、长时记忆
Sensory memory is the briefest store — less than a second for visual information (iconic memory) and a few seconds for auditory (echoic memory). It is like a quick snapshot that fades unless you pay attention.
感觉记忆是最短暂的储存——视觉信息（图像记忆）不超过一秒，听觉信息（声像记忆）持续几秒。它就像一张快速快照，除非你注意，否则就会消退。
Short‑term memory (STM) holds about 7±2 chunks of information for around 18–30 seconds if unrehearsed. Think of it as the 'working bench' where you hold a phone number just long enough to dial it.
短时记忆（STM）可以储存大约 7±2 个组块的信息，若不重复，维持约 18–30 秒。把它想象成“工作台”，你在这里暂时记住一个电话号码，直到拨出去。
Long‑term memory (LTM) is practically unlimited in capacity and duration. It is organised into episodic (personal experiences), semantic (facts and knowledge), and procedural (skills and actions) memory.
长时记忆（LTM）容量和时间几乎无限。它分为情景记忆（个人经历）、语义记忆（事实和知识）和程序性记忆（技能和动作）。
A useful mnemonic: 'ESP' — Episodic = Events, Semantic = Facts, Procedural = Skills.
一个有用的助记法：“ESP”——情景 = 事件 (Events)，语义 = 事实 (Facts)，程序 = 技能 (Skills)。
9. Forgetting: Proactive and Retroactive Interference | 遗忘：前摄干扰与倒摄干扰
Proactive interference occurs when old information blocks the recall of new information. 'Pro = forward' pt : an old memory pushes forward to disrupt new learning. Example: you keep typing your old password and cannot recall the new one.
前摄干扰发生在旧信息阻碍新信息回忆时。“前”即向前：旧记忆向前冲击，干扰新学习。例子：你总打旧密码，想不起新密码。
Retroactive interference is when new information blocks the recall of old information. 'Retro = backwards' : the new memory reaches back and confuses the old one. Example: after learning French, you forget some Spanish vocabulary.
倒摄干扰是新信息阻碍旧信息回忆。“倒”即向后：新记忆向后捣乱，混淆旧记忆。例子：学了法语后，你忘了一些西班牙语词汇。
tive = present disrupts past. Drawing a simple timeline in the exam helps avoid confusion.
想象一条时间线：前摄 = 过去扰乱未来；倒摄 = 现在扰乱过去。考试时画一条简单的时间线有助于避免混淆。
10. Social Influence: Conformity, Compliance, Obedience | 社会影响：从众、顺从、服从
Conformity is a change in behaviour or belief to fit in with a group, often due to real or imagined group pressure. It is like 'going with the crowd' even when no one directly asks you to.
从众是为了融入群体而改变行为或信念，通常源于真实或想象的群体压力。就像“随大流”，即使没人直接要求你这么做。
Compliance occurs when a person changes their behaviour in response to a direct request from another person, but without necessarily changing their private beliefs. They say 'yes' on the outside but may not agree inside.
顺从发生在一个人应他人直接要求而改变行为时，但不一定改变内心信念。他们嘴上说“是”，心里未必认同。
Obedience involves following orders from an authority figure. The classic study by Milgram showed how far people will go when instructed by someone they perceive to be legitimate.
服从涉及听从权威人物的命令。米尔格拉姆的经典研究展示了人们在自认为合法的权威指示下会走多远。
Memory aid: 'Con‑form = Con‑nect to group norms'; 'Com‑ply = Com‑ply with a request'; 'O‑bedience = Ob‑ey an authority'.
记忆辅助：“从众”连接群体规范；“顺从”是遵从请求；“服从”是遵从权威。
11. Ethical Guidelines: Informed Consent, Debriefing, Anonymity | 道德准则：知情同意、事后告知、匿名
Informed consent means participants must be told enough about the study to make a free decision about whether to take part. They should know the purpose and any potential risks.
知情同意意味着必须告知参与者足够的研究信息，让他们自由决定是否参与。他们应了解研究目的和任何潜在风险。
l explanation, especially if deception was used, and any distress must be addressed. Think 'de‑brief = brief them after the fact'.
事后告知发生在研究结束后。参与者会得到完整的解释，尤其是在使用欺骗手段时，任何不适都必须处理。联想：“事后简要说明”。
ality means the researcher knows the identity but will not disclose it publicly. Remember: 'Anonymous = no name; Confidential = you keep it secret'.
匿名和保密保护隐私。匿名意味着研究者无法将数据与特定参与者关联起来。保密意味着研究者知道身份但不公开透露。记住：“匿名无名，保密守密”。
12. Putting It All Together: A Quick‑Recall Summary | 综合速记总结
Create a 'vocabulary web' alidity. This chain shows how each concept builds on the next, making it easier to recall during exam writing.
制作一张“词汇网”，把相关术语连起来。比如 IV/DV → 操作化 → 实验/对照 → 信度/效度。这条链展示各概念如何环环相扣，便于考试写作时回忆。
Use active recall: after reading a definition, cover it and try to reconstruct it in your own words. Write a one‑sentence example for each term. The more you link terms to vivid, even silly, mental images, the stronger your memory will be.
使用主动回忆：读完定义后，盖住文字，尝试用自己的话复述。为每个术语写一个例句。你把术语与生动、甚至滑稽的心理图像联系得越多，记忆就越牢固。
Finally, practise past‑paper questions where you must identify and justify the use of specific terminology. Writing 'The IV was… and the DV was…' fluently in an exam answer shows deep understanding, not just surface memorisation.
最后，练习过往真题，要求你识别并证明特定术语的使用。在考试答案中流利地写出“IV 是……，DV 是……”展示的是深层理解，而不仅仅是表面记忆。
Published by TutorHao | Psychology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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