📚 Year 10 Cambridge Chemistry: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 10 Cambridge 化学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of chemistry is the first step towards excelling in your Cambridge IGCSE or O Level course. Without a firm grasp of the core terms, describing atomic structure, explaining bonding, or balancing equations can feel like navigating a maze. This guide breaks down the essential vocabulary into ten organised sections, providing clear English definitions followed immediately by their Chinese equivalents. Use it for daily review, active recall, and to build confidence before your next test.
掌握化学语言是在剑桥 IGCSE 或 O Level 课程中取得优异成绩的第一步。如果没有牢固掌握核心术语，描述原子结构、解释化学键或配平方程式都可能像走迷宫。本指南将基本词汇分成十个有组织的部分，首先提供清晰的英文定义，紧接着提供对应的中文释义。用它来进行每日复习、主动回忆，并在下次考试前增强信心。
1. Atomic Structure and Particle Terms | 原子结构与粒子术语
Atom: The smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction, consisting of a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
原子：元素中能够参与化学反应的最小粒子，由原子核和绕核运动的电子组成。
Proton: A positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus, with a relative mass of 1 and a charge of +1.
质子：原子核中带正电荷的亚原子粒子，相对质量为 1，电荷为 +1。
Neutron: A neutral subatomic particle found in the nucleus, with a relative mass of 1 and no electric charge.
中子：原子核中不带电荷的亚原子粒子，相对质量为 1，电荷为 0。
Electron: A negatively charged subatomic particle that moves around the nucleus in energy levels or shells, with a relative mass of 1/1840 and a charge of -1.
电子：带负电荷的亚原子粒子，在核外能级或电子层上运动，相对质量约为 1/1840，电荷为 -1。
Atomic number (Z): The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the element's identity and its position in the Periodic Table.
原子序数 (Z)：原子核中质子的数目，决定了元素的种类及其在周期表中的位置。
Mass number (A): The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
质量数 (A)：原子核中质子和中子的总数。
Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, hence different mass numbers.
同位素：同一元素中质子数相同但中子数不同的原子，因此质量数不同。
Relative atomic mass (Aᵣ): The weighted average mass of the isotopes of an element relative to 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
相对原子质量 (Aᵣ)：元素各同位素按丰度加权计算的平均质量，与碳-12 原子质量的 1/12 的比值。
Ion: A charged particle formed when an atom or group of atoms gains or loses one or more electrons.
离子：原子或原子团因得失一个或多个电子而形成的带电粒子。
2. The Periodic Table and Periodicity | 周期表与周期性
Period: A horizontal row in the Periodic Table; the period number indicates the number of electron shells in the atoms of the elements.
周期：周期表中的横行；周期数表示该行元素原子所含的电子层数。
Group: A vertical column in the Periodic Table; elements in the same group have similar chemical properties and the same number of outer‑shell electrons.
族：周期表中的纵列；同一族元素化学性质相似，且最外层电子数相同。
Noble gases (Group 0/18): Unreactive elements with a full outer electron shell, existing as monatomic gases at room temperature.
稀有气体 (第 0/18 族)：具有全满最外层电子、性质极不活泼的元素，室温下以单原子气体形式存在。
Halogens (Group 17): Highly reactive non‑metals that exist as diatomic molecules (F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂) and require one electron to complete their outer shell.
卤素 (第 17 族)：高反应活性的非金属，以双原子分子形式存在 (F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂)，最外层需获得一个电子以达到稳定结构。
Alkali metals (Group 1): Very reactive metals with one outer electron, forming ionic compounds with a +1 charge.
碱金属 (第 1 族)：极活泼的金属，最外层有一个电子，形成 +1 价离子化合物。
Transition metals: A block of metals in the centre of the Periodic Table, typically forming coloured compounds and having variable oxidation states.
过渡金属：周期表中间区域的一类金属，通常形成有色化合物且具有可变的氧化态。
Metalloid (semi‑metal): An element with properties intermediate between those of metals and non‑metals, e.g. silicon.
准金属（半金属）：性质介于金属和非金属之间的元素，如硅。
3. Chemical Bonding and Structure | 化学键与结构
Ionic bond: The strong electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions, formed when a metal transfers electrons to a non‑metal.
离子键：带相反电荷的离子之间的强静电引力，由金属向非金属转移电子而形成。
Covalent bond: A strong bond formed when two non‑metal atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
共价键：两个非金属原子共用一对或多对电子所形成的强键。
Metallic bond: The electrostatic attraction between a lattice of positive metal ions and a 'sea' of delocalised electrons.
金属键：金属正离子晶格与离域电子“海洋”之间的静电引力。
Giant ionic lattice: A regular 3‑D arrangement of alternating positive and negative ions, giving high melting points and conductivity when molten or dissolved.
巨型离子晶格：正负离子交替排列的规则三维结构，具有高熔点，且在熔融或溶于水时能导电。
Simple molecular structure: A structure made of small discrete molecules held together by weak intermolecular forces, resulting in low melting and boiling points.
简单分子结构：由小的独立分子构成，分子间仅靠微弱的分子间作用力维系，因此熔、沸点较低。
Giant covalent structure: A network of atoms joined by covalent bonds throughout the whole structure, e.g. diamond, graphite, silicon dioxide.
巨型共价结构：原子通过共价键在整个结构中连接成网络，如金刚石、石墨、二氧化硅。
Delocalised electrons: Electrons that are not fixed to a particular atom or bond and can move freely, responsible for electrical conductivity in metals and graphite.
离域电子：不固定在特定原子或化学键上、可自由移动的电子，是金属和石墨导电的原因。
Intermolecular forces: Weak attractive forces between simple molecules, such as van der Waals forces; they determine physical properties like boiling point.
分子间作用力：简单分子之间的微弱引力，例如范德华力；它们决定了沸点等物理性质。
4. Stoichiometry and the Mole | 化学计量与摩尔
Mole: cles (atoms, molecules, ions or electrons). This number is known as the Avogadro constant.
摩尔：物质的量的单位，1 摩尔物质恰好包含 6.02 × 10²³ 个粒子（原子、分子、离子或电子），此数值称为阿伏伽德罗常数。
Molar mass (M): The mass of one mole of a substance, measured in grams per mole (g mol⁻¹). For elements, it is numerically equal to the relative atomic mass.
摩尔质量 (M)：1 摩尔物质的质量，单位为克每摩尔 (g mol⁻¹)。对元素而言，其数值等于相对原子质量。
Empirical formula: The simplest whole‑number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.
实验式（最简式）：化合物中各元素原子的最简单整数比。
Molecular formula: The actual number of atoms of each element in one molecule of a compound.
分子式：化合物一个分子中各元素原子的实际数目。
Percentage yield: easure of efficiency of a reaction, calculated as (actual yield ÷ theoretical yield) × 100%.
产率：衡量反应效率的量，计算公式为（实际产量 ÷ 理论产量）× 100%。
Limiting reactant: The reactant that is completely used up in a reaction, determining the maximum amount of product formed.
限制反应物：在反应中首先被完全消耗的反应物，决定了生成物的最大产量。
Molar gas volume: At room temperature and pressure (rtp), one mole of any gas occupies a volume of 24 dm³.
摩尔气体体积：在室温和常压 (rtp) 下，1 摩尔任何气体所占的体积为 24 dm³。
Concentration (mol dm⁻³): The amount of solute (in moles) dissolved in 1 dm³ of solution. concentration (mol dm⁻³) = moles ÷ volume (dm³).
浓度 (mol dm⁻³)：1 dm³ 溶液中溶解的溶质的量（以摩尔计）。浓度 (mol dm⁻³) = 物质的量 ÷ 体积 (dm³)。
5. Acids, Bases and pH | 酸、碱和pH值
Acid: A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H⁺) when dissolved in water. In IGCSE, acids are often defined as proton donors.
酸：溶于水时释放氢离子 (H⁺) 的物质。在 IGCSE 中，酸常被定义为质子的给予体。
Base: A substance that neutralises an acid to form a salt and water; bases that are soluble in water are called alkalis and release hydroxide ions (OH⁻).
碱：能中和酸生成盐和水的物质；可溶于水的碱称为可溶性碱（alkali），它们在水溶液中释放氢氧根离子 (OH⁻)。
Strong acid: An acid that fully dissociates (ionises) in water, e.g. hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid.
强酸：在水中完全电离的酸，如盐酸、硫酸。
Weak acid: An acid that only partially dissociates in water, e.g. ethanoic acid, carbonic acid.
弱酸：在水中仅部分电离的酸，如乙酸、碳酸。
pH scale: A logarithmic measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution; values below 7 are acidic, 7 is neutral, and above 7 are alkaline.
pH 值标度：度量溶液中氢离子浓度的对数标度；pH < 7 为酸性，pH = 7 为中性，pH > 7 为碱性。
Neutralisation: The reaction between an acid and a base to produce a salt and water: H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O.
中和反应：酸与碱反应生成盐和水的过程：H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O。
Titration: A quantitative technique used to determine the concentration of an acid or base by neutralisation with a solution of known concentration, using an indicator to detect the endpoint.
滴定：一种利用已知浓度的溶液进行中和反应以测定酸或碱浓度的定量技术，使用指示剂判断终点。
Salt: An ionic compound formed when the hydrogen ion of an acid is replaced by a metal ion (or ammonium ion).
盐：酸中的氢离子被金属离子（或铵根离子）取代后形成的离子化合物。
6. Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry | 氧化还原与电化学
Oxidation: Originally the gain of oxygen by a substance; in terms of electron transfer, oxidation is the loss of electrons.
氧化：最初指物质获得氧；在电子转移的层面，氧化是物质失去电子。
Reduction: Originally the loss of oxygen from a compound; in electron terms, reduction is the gain of electrons.
还原：最初指化合物失去氧；在电子层面，还原是物质得到电子。
Redox reaction: A reaction in which both oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously.
氧化还原反应：氧化和还原同时发生的反应。
Oxidising agent: A substance that oxidises another substance by accepting electrons; it is itself reduced.
氧化剂：通过接受电子使其他物质氧化的物质，其自身被还原。
Reducing agent: A substance that reduces another substance by donating electrons; it is itself oxidised.
还原剂：通过给出电子使其他物质还原的物质，其自身被氧化。
Electrolysis: The decomposition of an ionic compound (molten or in solution) by passing an electric current through it.
电解：通过电流使离子化合物（熔融态或溶液）发生分解的过程。
Anode: The positive electrode in electrolysis, where oxidation takes place, attracting anions.
阳极：电解池中与电源正极相连的电极，发生氧化反应，吸引阴离子。
Cathode: The negative electrode in electrolysis, where reduction takes place, attracting cations.
阴极：电解池中与电源负极相连的电极，发生还原反应，吸引阳离子。
Electrolyte: The ionic compound (molten or in aqueous solution) that conducts electricity and is decomposed during electrolysis.
电解质：在电解过程中导电并被分解的离子化合物（熔融态或水溶液）。
7. Organic Chemistry Fundamentals | 有机化学基础
Hydrocarbon: A molecular compound containing only the elements carbon and hydrogen.
烃：只含有碳和氢两种元素的分子化合物。
Homologous series: A family of organic compounds with the same general formula, similar chemical properties and a trend in physical properties; successive members differ by a CH₂ unit.
同系物：具有相同通式、相似化学性质及物理性质递变规律的一系列有机化合物；相邻成员相差一个 CH₂ 单元。
Alkanes: Saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₂, containing only single C–C bonds.
烷烃：饱和烃，通式为 CₙH₂ₙ₊₂，只含碳碳单键。
Alkenes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon‑carbon double bond (C=C), with the general formula CₙH₂ₙ.
烯烃：含至少一个碳碳双键 (C=C) 的不饱和烃，通式为 CₙH₂ₙ。
Isomers: Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements of atoms.
同分异构体：分子式相同但原子排列方式不同的分子。
Functional group: The atom or group of atoms responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of a homologous series, e.g. –OH (alcohols), –COOH (carboxylic acids).
官能团：决定同系物特征化学反应的原子或原子团，如 –OH（醇类）、–COOH（羧酸类）。
Addition polymerisation: A reaction in which many small alkene monomers join together, by opening their double bonds, to form a long‑chain polymer.
加成聚合：许多烯烃小分子单体通过打开双键而连接成长链聚合物的反应。
Cracking: The thermal decomposition of large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller, more useful ones, producing alkenes and short‑chain alkanes.
裂化：将大分子烃热分解为更小、更有用分子的过程，生成烯烃和短链烷烃。
8. Energetics and Rate of Reaction | 能量学与反应速率
Exothermic reaction: A reaction that releases heat energy to the surroundings, causing a temperature rise (ΔH is negative).
放热反应：向周围环境释放热量的反应，导致温度升高（ΔH 为负值）。
Endothermic reaction: A reaction that absorbs heat energy from the surroundings, causing a temperature drop (ΔH is positive).
吸热反应：从周围环境吸收热量的反应，导致温度下降（ΔH 为正值）。
Activation energy (Eₐ): The minimum amount of energy that colliding particles must possess in order for a reaction to occur.
活化能 (Eₐ)：碰撞的粒子必须具有的最低能量，以使反应能够发生。
Collision theory: For a reaction to occur, particles must collide with the correct orientation and with energy equal to or greater than the activation energy.
碰撞理论：反应发生的条件是，粒子必须以正确的取向碰撞，且碰撞能量必须等于或大于活化能。
Catalyst: A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being chemically changed itself, by providing an alternative pathway with a lower activation energy.
催化剂：能加快化学反应速率而自身在化学上不发生变化的物质，通过提供一条活化能较低的替代反应路径来发挥作用。
Rate of reaction: The change in concentration of a reactant or product per unit time; it can be measured by the volume of gas produced, loss of mass, or colour change.
反应速率：单位时间内反应物或生成物浓度的变化量；可通过测量产生气体的体积、质量减少或颜色变化等方法来测定。
Equilibrium: In a reversible reaction, the state when the rates of the forward and backward reactions are equal, and the concentrations of reactants and products stay constant.
平衡：可逆反应中，正、逆反应速率相等且反应物和生成物的浓度保持恒定的状态。
9. States of Matter and Particulate Theory | 物质状态与微粒理论
Kinetic particle theory: A model that describes all matter as consisting of small particles in constant motion; the energy and arrangement of these particles determine the state of the substance.
微粒运动论：将一切物质描述为由不断运动的小粒子组成的模型；粒子的能量与排列方式决定了物质的状态。
Diffusion: The net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, driven by the random motion of particles.
扩散：由粒子随机运动驱动的、粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动。
Sublimation: The direct change of state from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state, e.g. solid carbon dioxide (dry ice).
升华：物质不经液态而由固态直接转变为气态的过程，如固体二氧化碳（干冰）。
Condensation: The change of state from gas to liquid, which occurs when gas particles lose kinetic energy and come closer together.
凝结（液化）：气体因粒子动能减小、彼此靠近而转变为液态的过程。
Evaporation: The change of state from liquid to gas occurring at the surface, below the boiling point.
蒸发：在沸点以下，液体表面发生的由液态变为气态的过程。
Boiling: The rapid change of state from liquid to gas occurring throughout the liquid at a specific temperature (boiling point).
沸腾：在特定温度（沸点）下，液体内部和表面同时发生的急剧气化现象。
Volatility: The tendency of a liquid to evaporate; volatile liquids have weak intermolecular forces and low boiling points.
挥发性：液体汽化的倾向；挥发性液体分子间作用力弱，沸点低。
10. Experimental Techniques and Apparatus | 实验技术与仪器
Filtration: A technique used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid by passing the mixture through filter paper.
过滤：利用滤纸将不溶性固体从液体中分离的技术。
Crystallisation: A method to obtain a pure solid solute from a solution by evaporating some of the solvent and then cooling to form crystals.
结晶：通过蒸发部分溶剂后冷却，从溶液中析出纯净固体溶质的方法。
Distillation: A process used to separate a liquid from a solution or a mixture of liquids with different boiling points, involving boiling and condensation.
蒸馏：利用沸点差异，通过加热沸腾和冷凝来分离液体混合物或溶液中液体的方法。
Fractional distillation: A distillation technique employed to separate a mixture of miscible liquids with closer boiling points, using a fractionating column.
分馏：使用分馏柱分离沸点较接近的互溶液体混合物的蒸馏技术。
Chromatography: A separation technique that uses a stationary phase and a mobile phase to separate components of a mixture based on their different solubilities and adsorption affinities.
色谱法：利用固定相和流动相，根据混合物各组分溶解度和吸附能力的不同进行分离的技术。
Rₓ value: In chromatography, the ratio of the distance moved by a spot to the distance moved by the solvent front; used for identification.
比移值 (Rₓ)：色谱中，斑点移动距离与溶剂前沿移动距离的比值，用于物质鉴定。
Titration apparatus: Includes burette, pipette, conical flask and a suitable indicator; used for accurate neutralisation reactions.
滴定仪器：包括滴定管、移液管、锥形瓶和合适的指示剂，用于精确的中和反应。
Measuring cylinder: A piece of glassware used to measure approximate volumes of liquids, with typical accuracy to the nearest 0.5 or 1 cm³.
量筒：用于测量液体近似体积的玻璃器皿，典型精度为 0.5 或 1 cm³。
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