📚 Core Knowledge Summary for Year 10 Cambridge Biology | 剑桥 Year 10 生物核心知识点梳理
Year 10 Cambridge IGCSE Biology covers a wide range of fundamental topics, from the microscopic world of cells and enzymes to the macroscopic systems of the human body and ecosystems. This article provides a clear and concise summary of the essential concepts you need to master, helping you build a strong foundation for your examinations. Each section pairs key English explanations with parallel Chinese translations to support bilingual learning and reinforce understanding.
Year 10 剑桥 IGCSE 生物涵盖了从细胞、酶等微观世界到人体系统与生态系统等宏观领域的广泛基础知识。本文清晰梳理了必须掌握的核心概念，帮助你建立稳固的知识体系，为考试做好充分准备。每个部分都采用中英对照讲解，便于双语学习并加深理解。
1. Cell Structure and Function | 细胞结构与功能
All living organisms are made of cells. Animal cells contain a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, and ribosomes. Plant cells have all these plus a cell wall, a large permanent vacuole, and chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
所有生物都由细胞构成。动物细胞包含细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜、线粒体和核糖体。植物细胞除上述结构外，还有细胞壁、大型中央液泡以及用于光合作用的叶绿体。
Key organelles and their roles:
关键细胞器及其功能：
| Organelle 细胞器 | Function in English 英文功能 | 功能（中文） |
|---|---|---|
| Nucleus | Contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities. | 含有遗传物质 (DNA)，控制细胞活动。 |
| Mitochondria | Site of aerobic respiration, releasing energy. | 有氧呼吸的场所，释放能量。 |
| Ribosomes | Protein synthesis. | 蛋白质合成。 |
| Chloroplasts | Absorb light energy for photosynthesis; contain chlorophyll. | 吸收光能进行光合作用；含有叶绿素。 |
| Cell Wall (plants) | Made of cellulose; provides support and protection. | 由纤维素构成，起支持和保护作用。 |
Specialised cells, such as red blood cells (biconcave, no nucleus to carry more oxygen) and root hair cells (long extension to absorb water), have adaptations to perform specific functions.
特化细胞，例如红细胞（双凹圆盘形、无细胞核以携带更多氧气）和根毛细胞（长突起利于吸水），都具有适应特定功能的结构特点。
2. Movement In and Out of Cells | 物质进出细胞
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient. Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a high water potential (dilute solution) to a low water potential (concentrated solution).
扩散是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动，顺浓度梯度进行。渗透是水分子通过半透膜从高水势（稀溶液）向低水势（浓溶液）的净移动。
Active transport requires energy (ATP) to move molecules against their concentration gradient, from low to high concentration, with the help of carrier proteins. An example is the uptake of nitrate ions by root hair cells.
主动运输需要能量 (ATP) 将分子逆浓度梯度（从低浓度到高浓度）转运，需要载体蛋白协助。例如根毛细胞吸收硝酸根离子。
Summary table:
总结表：
| Process 过程 | Energy Required? 是否需要能量？ | Direction 方向 |
|---|---|---|
| Diffusion 扩散 | No 否 | High → Low concentration |
| Osmosis 渗透 | No 否 | High water potential → Low water potential |
| Active transport 主动运输 | Yes (ATP) | Low → High concentration |
3. Biological Molecules and Enzymes | 生物分子与酶
Carbohydrates are made of simple sugars (e.g., glucose), which provide energy. Starch and glycogen are polysaccharides used for storage. Proteins are made of amino acids and are essential for growth and repair. Lipids (fats and oils) are made of glycerol and fatty acids, providing energy and insulation.
碳水化合物由单糖（如葡萄糖）组成，提供能量；淀粉和糖原是多糖，用于储存。蛋白质由氨基酸组成，对生长和修复至关重要。脂质（脂肪和油）由甘油和脂肪酸构成，提供能量并起保温隔热作用。
Food tests: Benedict’s test for reducing sugars (blue to brick-red on heating), iodine test for starch (orange-brown to blue-black), biuret test for proteins (blue to purple), and ethanol emulsion test for lipids (cloudy white).
食物测试：本尼迪克特试剂检测还原糖（加热后蓝色变为砖红色），碘液检测淀粉（棕黄色变为蓝黑色），双缩脲试剂检测蛋白质（蓝色变为紫色），乙醇乳浊液检测脂质（产生乳白色浑浊）。
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reactions without being used up. They are specific to substrates due to the complementary shape of their active site (lock-and-key model). Enzyme activity is affected by temperature and pH; high temperatures cause denaturation, which changes the shape of the active site permanently.
酶是生物催化剂，能加快反应且自身不被消耗。酶的活性位点形状与底物互补（锁钥模型），因此具有专一性。酶活性受温度和pH影响；高温会使酶变性，永久改变活性位点形状。
4. Photosynthesis and Plant Nutrition | 光合作用与植物营养
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants manufacture glucose from carbon dioxide and water, using light energy trapped by chlorophyll. The word equation is:
植物利用叶绿素捕获的光能，将二氧化碳和水转化为葡萄糖，这一过程叫做光合作用。文字方程式为：
Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen
二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气
The balanced chemical equation is: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
平衡化学方程式为：6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
Limiting factors include light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature. A deficiency in any of these will limit the rate of photosynthesis. Leaves are adapted with a broad shape, thin structure, and many chloroplasts, especially in palisade cells.
限制因子包括光照强度、二氧化碳浓度和温度。任一因子的不足都会限制光合速率。叶片具有宽大、薄而多叶绿体的适应特征，栅栏组织尤其密集。
Plants also need mineral ions: nitrate for making amino acids, and magnesium for chlorophyll synthesis. Deficiencies cause stunted growth (nitrate) and yellowing leaves (magnesium).
植物还需要矿质离子：硝酸盐用于合成氨基酸，镁用于合成叶绿素。缺乏时会导致生长迟缓（缺氮）和叶片黄化（缺镁）。
5. Human Digestive System | 人体消化系统
The alimentary canal consists of the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum and ileum), large intestine, rectum, and anus. Physical digestion breaks food into smaller pieces; chemical digestion uses enzymes to break large molecules into absorbable monomers.
消化道包括口腔、食道、胃、小肠（十二指肠和回肠）、大肠、直肠和肛门。物理性消化将食物磨碎；化学性消化利用酶将大分子分解为可吸收的单体。
Key digestive enzymes: amylase breaks down starch into maltose (produced in salivary glands and pancreas); protease breaks proteins into amino acids (stomach protease works best at pH 2); lipase digests lipids into fatty acids and glycerol (aided by bile).
关键的消化酶：淀粉酶将淀粉分解为麦芽糖（由唾液腺和胰腺分泌）；蛋白酶将蛋白质分解为氨基酸（胃蛋白酶在pH 2时活性最高）；脂肪酶将脂质分解为脂肪酸和甘油（在胆汁协助下进行）。
Absorption of digested products occurs mainly in the ileum, where villi and microvilli provide a large surface area. The rich blood capillary network and lacteals transport nutrients away.
消化产物的吸收主要发生在回肠，此处绒毛和微绒毛提供了巨大的表面积，丰富的毛细血管网和乳糜管将营养物质运走。
6. Circulatory System | 循环系统
The mammalian heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. The right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs (pulmonary circulation), while the left side pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body (systemic circulation). This is called a double circulatory system.
哺乳动物心脏有四个腔室：两个心房和两个心室。右侧将缺氧血泵至肺部（肺循环），左侧将富氧血泵至全身（体循环），这称为双循环系统。
The main blood vessels: arteries carry blood away from the heart and have thick, elastic walls; veins carry blood back toward the heart and contain valves to prevent backflow; capillaries are one-cell thick to allow exchange of substances.
主要血管类型：动脉将血液带离心脏，管壁厚而富有弹性；静脉将血液送回心脏，具有防止回流的瓣膜；毛细血管只有一层细胞厚，便于物质交换。
Blood components: red blood cells transport oxygen; white blood cells fight infection; platelets help in clotting; plasma transports dissolved substances such as nutrients, hormones, and waste.
血液成分：红细胞运输氧气，白细胞抵抗感染，血小板参与凝血，血浆运输营养物质、激素和废物等可溶性物质。
7. Respiration and Gas Exchange | 呼吸作用与气体交换
esence of oxygen. The word equation: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water (+ energy).
有氧呼吸在有氧气参与的条件下，从葡萄糖中释放大量能量。文字方程式：葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水 (+ 能量)。
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
Anaerobic respiration in animals produces lactic acid and releases less energy. In yeast, it produces ethanol and carbon dioxide (fermentation).
动物无氧呼吸产生乳酸，释放的能量较少。酵母的无氧呼吸产生乙醇和二氧化碳（发酵）。
Gas exchange in humans occurs in the alveoli, which are adapted with thin walls, a moist surface, and an extensive capillary network. Oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out.
人体的气体交换发生在肺泡里，肺泡壁极薄、表面湿润且周围密布毛细血管网。氧气扩散进入血液，二氧化碳扩散排出。
8. Excretion and Homeostasis | 排泄与稳态
Excretion is the removal of metabolic waste products. The kidneys filter blood to produce urine, removing urea, excess water, and salts. The nephron is the functional unit: ultrafiltration occurs in the glomerulus, and selective reabsorption returns useful substances (e.g., glucose) to the blood.
排泄是去除代谢废物的过程。肾脏过滤血液产生尿液，排出尿素、多余水分和无机盐。肾单位是肾脏的功能单位：肾小球进行超滤作用，随后选择性重吸收将有价值的物质（如葡萄糖）重吸收回血液。
Homeostasis maintains a constant internal environment. In regulation of blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin when glucose levels are high, causing liver and muscle cells to store glucose as glycogen. Glucagon raises blood glucose when it is too low.
稳态维持体内环境的稳定。在血糖调节中，当血糖升高时，胰腺分泌胰岛素，促使肝细胞和肌细胞将葡萄糖储存为糖原；血糖过低时，胰高血糖素升高血糖。
9. Nervous System and Hormones | 神经系统与激素
neurone (in CNS) → motor neurone → effector (e.g., muscle). Synapses use neurotransmitters to pass signals between neurones.
神经系统利用电信号产生快速、短时的反应。反射弧路径为：刺激 → 感受器 → 感觉神经元 → 中间神经元（中枢神经系统内）→ 运动神经元 → 效应器（如肌肉）。突触利用神经递质在神经元间传递信号。
The eye is a sensory organ; the cornea refracts light, the iris controls pupil size, the lens focuses light onto the retina, where rods and cones detect light and colour. Accommodation is the change in lens shape for near or distant objects.
眼睛是感觉器官；角膜折射光线，虹膜控制瞳孔大小，晶状体将光线聚焦在视网膜上，视网膜中的视杆细胞和视锥细胞感知光线和色彩。晶状体变焦以看清近处或远处物体的过程称为调节。
Hormones are chemical messengers transported in the blood. Adrenaline prepares the body for 'fight or flight' by increasing heart rate and blood flow to muscles. Insulin lowers blood glucose, maintaining homeostasis.
激素是经血液运输的化学信使。肾上腺素通过加快心率和增加肌肉供血量使身体为“战斗或逃跑”做好准备。胰岛素降低血糖，维持稳态。
10. Genetics and Evolution | 遗传与进化
DNA is a double-helix molecule containing the genetic code. A gene is a length of DNA that codes for a particular protein. Alleles are different versions of a gene, which can be dominant (capital letter, e.g., A) or recessive (lower case, e.g., a).
DNA 是一种双螺旋分子，包含遗传密码。基因是编码特定蛋白质的一段 DNA。等位基因是同一基因的不同形式，有显性（大写字母，如 A）和隐性（小写字母，如 a）之分。
Monohybrid crosses show the inheritance of a single trait. A heterozygous dominant individual (Aa) carries one dominant and one recessive allele. The phenotype is the observable characteristic; the genotype is the genetic makeup.
单基因杂交展示单一性状的遗传。杂合显性个体 (Aa) 携带一个显性和一个隐性等位基因。表现型是可观察的特征，基因型是遗传组成。
Variation can be continuous (e.g., height) or discontinuous (e.g., blood groups). Natural selection acts on variation, enabling organisms with advantageous traits to survive and reproduce, passing on those alleles. Over time, this leads to evolution.
变异可以是连续的（如身高）或不连续的（如血型）。自然选择作用于变异，使拥有有利性状的生物得以生存并繁殖，将这些等位基因传递下去。长此以往，便导致进化。
Published by TutorHao | Biology Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图