📚 Year 10 Cambridge Physics: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Revision Guide | Year 10 剑桥物理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key physics vocabulary is essential for success in Year 10 Cambridge IGCSE Physics. This guide consolidates critical terms and definitions, grouped by topic, to support quick revision and deeper understanding. Each entry is presented in a clear, bilingual format to reinforce learning in both English and Chinese.
掌握关键物理词汇是 Year 10 剑桥 IGCSE 物理取得成功的必要条件。本指南按照主题整理了重要术语及其定义，帮助快速复习并加深理解。每条内容均以清晰的双语形式呈现，助力中英文同步掌握。
1. Motion and Kinematics | 运动与运动学
Distance: The total length of the path travelled by an object, irrespective of direction. It is a scalar quantity and is measured in metres (m).
距离：物体运动路径的总长度，与方向无关。是标量，单位为米 (m)。
Displacement: The straight-line distance in a specified direction from the starting point to the final position. It is a vector quantity, unit metre (m).
位移：从起点到终点的直线距离，且具有方向；矢量，单位米 (m)。
Speed: travelled per unit time; a scalar. Average speed = total distance ÷ total time. Unit: m/s.
速率：单位时间内移动的距离；标量。平均速率 = 总距离 ÷ 总时间。单位：m/s。
Velocity: ement per unit time; a vector. v = Δs / Δt, where Δs is change in displacement. Unit: m/s.
速度：单位时间内的位移；矢量。v = Δs / Δt，Δs 是位移变化量。单位：m/s。
Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity. a = (v – u) / t, where v is final velocity, u is initial velocity, t is time. Unit: m/s².
加速度：速度变化的快慢。a = (v – u) / t，其中 v 是末速度，u 是初速度，t 是时间。单位：m/s²。
Uniform acceleration equations (SUVAT): When acceleration is constant, the following kinematic equations link displacement (s), initial velocity (u), final velocity (v), acceleration (a), and time (t):
v = u + at
s = ut + ½at²
v² = u² + 2as
s = (u + v)/2 × t
匀加速运动方程（SUVAT）：在加速度恒定的情况下，这些运动学方程连接了位移(s)、初速度(u)、末速度(v)、加速度(a)和时间(t)。
Free fall: Motion under gravity alone with no air resistance. The acceleration due to gravity g is approximately 9.8 m/s² (often taken as 10 m/s²).
自由落体：仅在重力作用下无空气阻力的运动。重力加速度 g 约为 9.8 m/s²（常取 10 m/s²）。
2. Forces and Newton's Laws | 力与牛顿定律
Force: A push or pull that can change an object's motion or shape. It is a vector quantity, measured in newtons (N).
力：可以改变物体运动状态或形状的推或拉。矢量，单位为牛顿 (N)。
Newton's First Law (Law of Inertia): An object remains at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by a resultant external force.
牛顿第一定律（惯性定律）：物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动状态，除非受到外力的作用。
Newton's Second Law: tional to the resultant force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. F = ma.
牛顿第二定律：物体的加速度与所受合力成正比，与质量成反比。F = ma。
Newton's Third Law: When one object exerts a force on another, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first.
牛顿第三定律：当一个物体对另一个物体施加力时，第二个物体会对第一个物体施加一个大小相等、方向相反的力。
Weight: ct. W = mg, where m is mass, g is gravitational field strength (approx. 10 N/kg on Earth).
重量：作用在物体上的重力。W = mg，m 是质量，g 是重力场强度（地球约 10 N/kg）。
Friction: A force that opposes relative motion between two surfaces in contact. It can be static or kinetic.
摩擦力：阻碍两个接触表面相对运动的力。可分为静摩擦和动摩擦。
Hooke's Law: force, provided the elastic limit is not exceeded. F = kx, where k is the spring constant.
胡克定律：在弹性限度内，弹簧的伸长量与施加的力成正比。F = kx，k 为弹簧常数。
Moment of a force (Torque): ct of a force about a pivot. Moment = Force × perpendicular distance from pivot. Unit: Nm.
力矩（扭矩）：力对支点产生的转动效应。力矩 = 力 × 支点到力作用线的垂直距离。单位：Nm。
Centre of mass: The point where the entire mass of an object can be considered to be concentrated for translational motion. For a uniform regular shape, it is at the geometric centre.
质心：可将物体全部质量视作集中于此的点，用于平动分析。对于均匀规则形状，位于几何中心。
3. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功与功率
Work done: rection of the force. W = F × d (when force is parallel to displacement). Unit: joule (J).
功：力使物体沿力的方向移动时做功。W = F × d（力与位移平行时）。单位：焦耳 (J)。
Kinetic Energy (KE): Energy possessed by a moving object. KE = ½mv², where m is mass, v is speed.
动能：运动物体具有的能量。KE = ½mv²，m 为质量，v 为速率。
Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE): by an object raised against gravity. GPE = mgh, where h is height above a reference level.
重力势能：物体因被举高而储存的能量。GPE = mgh，h 为相对于参考水平面的高度。
Power: The rate of doing work or transferring energy. P = W / t, unit: watt (W). 1 W = 1 J/s.
功率：做功或能量转移的快慢。P = W / t，单位：瓦特 (W)。1 W = 1 J/s。
Efficiency: y input, often expressed as a percentage. Efficiency = (useful output / total input) × 100%.
效率：有用能量（或功率）输出与总输入之比，通常用百分比表示。效率 = (有用输出 / 总输入) × 100%。
Principle of Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed from one form to another.
能量守恒定律：能量既不会凭空产生，也不会凭空消失，只能从一种形式转移或转化为另一种形式。
Renewable vs. Non-renewable energy: Renewable sources (solar, wind, hydro) can be replenished naturally; non-renewable sources (coal, oil, natural gas) are finite and cause environmental impact.
可再生能源与不可再生能源：可再生能源（太阳能、风能、水能）可自然补充；不可再生能源（煤、石油、天然气）有限且对环境有影响。
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