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Year 10 Cambridge Physics: Core Knowledge Review | 核心知识点梳理

2026-07-20 02:34 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 Year 10 Cambridge Physics: Core Knowledge Review | 核心知识点梳理

Year 10 Cambridge IGCSE Physics covers a wide range of fundamental topics, from mechanics and thermal physics to waves, electricity, magnetism and nuclear physics. This article provides a structured summary of the key concepts, formulas and definitions you need to master, organised into twelve clear sections. Each point is presented in both English and Chinese to reinforce understanding and aid bilingual learning.

Year 10 剑桥 IGCSE 物理涵盖从力学、热物理到波、电学、磁学和原子物理的广泛基础知识。本文以十二个清晰的章节，梳理了你必须掌握的核心概念、公式和定义。每个知识点均以中英双语对照呈现，以加深理解并辅助双语学习。

1. Measurement and Motion | 测量与运动

Physical quantities are measured using SI units: length (metre, m), time (second, s), mass (kilogram, kg). A scalar quantity has magnitude only (e.g. speed, distance, mass). A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction (e.g. velocity, displacement, force).

物理量使用国际单位制测量：长度（米，m），时间（秒，s），质量（千克，kg）。标量只有大小（如速率、路程、质量）；矢量既有大小又有方向（如速度、位移、力）。

Average speed is defined as total distance over total time:

vavg = s / t

. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity:

a = (v – u) / t

where u is initial velocity, v is final velocity. The equations of uniformly accelerated motion include

v = u + a t

and

v² = u² + 2 a s

.

平均速率定义为总路程除以总时间。加速度是速度变化率。匀加速直线运动的公式包括 v = u + a t 以及 v² = u² + 2 a s。

Distance–time graphs: the gradient gives speed. Speed–time graphs: gradient gives acceleration, area under graph gives distance travelled.

路程–时间图：斜率表示速率。速度–时间图：斜率表示加速度，图线下面积表示所经过的路程。

2. Mass, Weight and Density | 质量、重量与密度

Mass is the amount of matter in an object and is measured in kilograms (kg); it is a scalar and does not vary with location. Weight is the gravitational force on an object and is measured in newtons (N). It is a vector acting towards the centre of the Earth. The relationship is:

W = m g

, where g is the gravitational field strength (≈ 9.8 N/kg on Earth).

质量是物体所含物质的多少，单位为千克，是标量，不随位置变化。重量是作用在物体上的引力，单位为牛顿，是矢量，方向指向地心。关系式为 W = m g，其中 g 为引力场强度（地球上约为 9.8 N/kg）。

Density is mass per unit volume:

ρ = m / V

. The density of a substance can be determined by measuring mass (using a balance) and volume (regular solid using dimensions, irregular solid using displacement of water in a measuring cylinder).

密度是单位体积的质量。测定密度需测量质量（用天平）和体积（规则固体测量尺寸，不规则固体用量筒排水法）。

3. Forces and Newton’s Laws | 力与牛顿定律

A force can change an object’s shape, speed or direction. Forces are measured in newtons (N). Newton’s first law: an object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a resultant force. Newton’s second law: resultant force is proportional to the acceleration produced:

F = m a

. Newton’s third law: for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

力可以改变物体的形状、速度或方向。力的单位是牛顿。牛顿第一定律：若无合力作用，物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动。第二定律：合力与物体产生的加速度成正比，F = m a。第三定律：作用力与反作用力大小相等、方向相反。

Friction and air resistance oppose motion. In circular motion, a centripetal force is required, directed towards the centre of the circle.

摩擦力和空气阻力阻碍运动。圆周运动需要一个指向圆心的向心力。

4. Momentum | 动量

Momentum (p) is the product of mass and velocity:

p = m v

. It is a vector quantity with unit kg m/s. In a closed system, total momentum is conserved before and after a collision or explosion.

动量 p 等于质量与速度的乘积，单位为 kg m/s，是矢量。在封闭系统中，碰撞或爆炸前后总动量守恒。

Impulse is the change in momentum: F Δt = Δp = m v – m u. Safety features such as seat belts, air bags and crumple zones increase the time of impact, reducing the average force.

冲量等于动量的变化量：F Δt = Δp。安全带、安全气囊和褶皱区等安全装置延长碰撞时间，从而减小平均作用力。

5. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功与功率

Energy is a conserved quantity: it can be transferred or transformed but never created or destroyed. Kinetic energy:

Ek = ½ m v²

. Gravitational potential energy:

Ep = m g h

(h is the vertical height).

能量守恒：能量可以转移或转化，但不能被创造或消灭。动能：Ek = ½ m v²。重力势能：Ep = m g h（h 为竖直高度）。

Work is done when a force moves an object in the direction of the force:

W = F d

. Power is the rate of doing work:

P = W / t

. Efficiency is useful energy output divided by total energy input, often expressed as a percentage.

功等于力与受力方向移动距离的乘积。功率是做功的快慢。效率等于有用能量输出除以总能量输入，常用百分数表示。

Energy resources include fossil fuels, nuclear, hydroelectric, wind, solar, tidal and geothermal power. Renewable sources can be replenished; non-renewable sources are finite.

能源包括化石燃料、核能、水力、风力、太阳能、潮汐能和地热能。可再生能源能够补充，不可再生能源则有限。

6. Pressure | 压强

Pressure is force per unit area:

p = F / A

, measured in pascals (Pa). A smaller contact area produces a higher pressure for the same force.

压强等于单位面积上的力，单位为帕斯卡。相同作用力下，接触面积越小，压强越大。

Pressure in a liquid increases with depth and depends on the liquid’s density and gravitational field strength:

p = ρ g h

. In a gas, pressure is caused by particles colliding with container walls. Atmospheric pressure supports a column of mercury about 760 mm high.

液体压强随深度增加而增大，且取决于液体的密度和引力场强度，p = ρ g h。气体压强由粒子撞击容器壁产生。大气压强能够支持约 760 mm 高的汞柱。

7. Thermal Physics | 热物理

Solids have fixed shape and volume, liquids have fixed volume but take the shape of the container, gases expand to fill any container. The kinetic particle model explains these states: particles vibrate in solids, slide in liquids, and move randomly at high speeds in gases. Brownian motion provides evidence for random particle movement.

固体有固定的形状和体积，液体有固定体积但取其容器形状，气体会充满整个容器。分子运动论解释这些状态：固体中粒子只在平衡位置振动，液体中可滑动，气体中高速无规则运动。布朗运动为粒子无规则运动提供了证据。

Thermal expansion occurs when substances are heated. The temperature of a body measures the average kinetic energy of its particles. Evaporation occurs at the surface of a liquid at any temperature, while boiling occurs throughout the liquid at a fixed boiling point.

物体受热会膨胀。温度衡量粒子平均动能的大小。蒸发可以在任何温度下发生于液体表面，而沸腾在整个液体内部发生且温度固定为沸点。

Specific heat capacity is the energy needed to raise 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C:

Q = m c Δθ

. Specific latent heat of fusion/vaporisation is the energy needed to change the state of 1 kg of a substance without a temperature change:

Q = m L

. Thermal energy is transferred by conduction (mainly in solids), convection (in fluids) and radiation (via electromagnetic waves, does not need a medium).

比热容是使 1 kg 物质温度升高 1 °C 所需要的能量。熔化/汽化比潜热是 1 kg 物质改变状态而不发生温度变化所需的能量。热传递方式有传导（主要在固体中）、对流（流体中）和辐射（通过电磁波，无需介质）。

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8. General Wave Properties | 波的一般性质

Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. In transverse waves, particles oscillate perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer (e.g. light, water ripples). In longitudinal waves, particles oscillate parallel to the direction of energy transfer (e.g. sound).

波传递能量而不传递物质。横波中质点振动方向与能量传递方向垂直（如光、水波）；纵波中质点振动方向与能量传递方向平行（如声波）。

aves per second in hertz), period (T = 1/f). The wave equation links speed, frequency and wavelength:

v = f λ

.

波的主要参数：振幅（最大位移）、波长 λ（相邻波峰间的距离）、频率 f（每秒波数，单位赫兹）、周期 T = 1/f。波速方程：v = f λ。

All waves can undergo reflection, refraction and diffraction. Diffraction is the spreading of waves through a gap or around an obstacle; it is most noticeable when the gap size is comparable to the wavelength.

所有波都能发生反射、折射和衍射。衍射是波通过狭缝或绕过障碍物时发生的扩散现象，当缝隙大小与波长相近时最明显。

9. Light and Sound | 光与声

tion: angle of incidence equals angle of reflection. Plane mirrors produce virtual, upright, laterally inverted images of equal size.

光在真空中沿直线传播，速度为 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s。反射定律：入射角等于反射角。平面镜成虚像，正立、等大且左右颠倒。

Refraction occurs when light enters a different medium and changes speed. Snell’s law relates the angles and refractive index (n):

n = sin i / sin r

. Total internal reflection happens when the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle, within a denser medium.

光进入不同介质时发生折射并改变速度。斯涅尔定律：n = sin i / sin r。当光线从密集介质射向疏介质且入射角大于临界角时，发生全内反射。

Lenses: converging (convex) lenses focus parallel rays to a focal point; diverging (concave) lenses spread rays. The focal length determines the power of a lens. Sound is produced by vibrating objects and requires a medium to travel. The speed of sound in air is about 330 m/s. Pitch relates to frequency, loudness to amplitude.

透镜：会聚透镜（凸透镜）使平行光线汇聚于焦点；发散透镜（凹透镜）使光线发散。焦距决定透镜聚散能力。声音由物体振动产生，需要介质传播，在空气中声速约为 330 m/s。音调与频率有关，响度与振幅有关。

10. Electricity and Circuits | 电学与电路

Electric charge is measured in coulombs (C). Current (I) is the rate of flow of charge:

I = Q / t

, measured in amperes (A). Voltage (V) is the energy transferred per unit charge:

V = W / Q

, measured in volts (V). Resistance (R) opposes current:

R = V / I

, in ohms (Ω).

电荷单位为库仑。电流 I = Q / t 是电荷流动速率，单位安培。电压 V = W / Q 是每单位电荷转移的能量，单位伏特。电阻 R = V / I 阻碍电流，单位欧姆。

Ohm’s law states that, at constant temperature, the current in a resistor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it. Electrical power:

P = I V

, and energy dissipated: E = I V t. Common circuit symbols must be recognised in diagrams.

欧姆定律：温度恒定时，电阻器中的电流与其两端的电压成正比。电功率：P = I V，消耗电能：E = I V t。必须能识别电路图中的常见符号。

Series circuits: current is the same everywhere, total voltage is shared, total resistance Rtotal tage across each branch is the same, total current is the sum of branch currents, total resistance is less than the smallest branch resistance (1/Rtotal = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂).

串联电路：电流处处相等，总电压为各部分电压之和，总电阻 R总 = R₁ + R₂ + ...。并联电路：各支路电压相同，总电流为各支路电流之和，总电阻小于任一支路电阻（1/R总 = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂）。

Fuses and circuit breakers protect circuits from overload. Earthing and double insulation are safety measures.

保险丝和断路器防止电路过载。接地和双重绝缘是安全措施。

11. Magnetism and Electromagnetism | 磁与电磁

Magnets have north and south poles; like poles repel, unlike poles attract. A magnetic field is the region around a magnet where a magnetic force is experienced. Field lines show the direction from north to south.

磁体有 N、S 极；同名磁极相互排斥，异名磁极相互吸引。磁场是磁体周围存在磁力的区域，磁感线从 N 极指向 S 极。

An electromagnet is created by passing a current through a coil of wire (solenoid), often with a soft iron core to increase strength. The strength can be increased by increasing current, number of turns or by adding an iron core.

电磁铁是通过给线圈（螺线管）通电制成，常加入软铁芯增强磁性。增大电流、增加线圈匝数或使用铁芯都能增强磁场。

A current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field experiences a force (motor effect). Fleming’s left-hand rule gives the direction of force: thumb – force, first finger – field, second finger – current. This principle is used in the d.c. motor, with a split-ring commutator to reverse current each half-turn.

通电导线在磁场中受到力（电动机效应）。弗莱明左手定则可以判断受力方向：拇指 – 力，食指 – 磁场，中指 – 电流。此原理用于直流电动机，通过换向器每半圈改变电流方向。

Electromagnetic induction: when a conductor cuts magnetic field lines, an e.m.f. is induced. This is the basis of the a.c. generator and the transformer. For an ideal transformer:

Vp / Vs = Np / Ns

, and power input equals power output: Ip Vp = Is Vs. Transformers are used in the transmission of electrical energy to reduce energy losses.

电磁感应：当导体切割磁感线时，会感应出电动势。这是交流发电机和变压器的基础。对于理想变压器，Vp / Vs = Np / Ns，且输入功率等于输出功率：Ip Vp = Is Vs。变压器用于输电以减少能量损耗。

12. Nuclear Physics | 原子物理

The nuclear model of the atom consists of a small, dense, positively charged nucleus (containing protons and neutrons) surrounded by orbiting electrons. Atomic number (Z) is the number of protons; nucleon number (A) is the total number of protons and neutrons. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

原子核式模型：一个微小、致密、带正电的原子核（含质子和中子）被绕核运动的电子所包围。原子序数 Z 为质子数；质量数 A 为质子与中子总数。同位素是同一元素的中子数不同的原子。

Radioactive decay is the spontaneous breakdown of unstable nuclei. Three main types of radiation:

放射性衰变是不稳定原子核的自发分裂。三种主要辐射：