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Year 10 Cambridge Additional Mathematics: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference | 剑桥10年级进阶数学:公式定理速查手册

2026-07-20 02:32 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 Year 10 Cambridge Additional Mathematics: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference | 剑桥10年级进阶数学:公式定理速查手册

This quick reference handbook contains essential formulas and theorems for the Year 10 Cambridge Additional Mathematics (0606) syllabus. Use it to review key algebraic identities, trigonometric rules, calculus techniques, and coordinate geometry results. Each formula is presented in clear mathematical notation, followed by a brief explanation. Keep this guide handy for revision and problem-solving.

这本速查手册涵盖了剑桥10年级进阶数学(0606)的核心公式与定理。你可以用它复习关键的代数恒等式、三角法则、微积分技巧以及坐标几何结论。每一条公式都用清晰的数学符号呈现,并附有简要解释。在复习和解题时随时查阅本手册,能够帮助你巩固基础、提升效率。


1. Algebraic Identities | 代数恒等式

Algebraic identities simplify expressions and aid in factorisation. The three most fundamental identities are the square of a sum, square of a difference, and difference of two squares. They are used throughout polynomial manipulation and equation solving.

代数恒等式可以化简表达式并帮助因式分解。最基础的三个恒等式是完全平方和、完全平方差以及平方差公式,它们在多项式运算和方程求解中无处不在。

(a + b)² = a² + 2ab + b²

平方和公式:两项和的平方等于首平方加两倍乘积再加尾平方。

(a − b)² = a² − 2ab + b²

平方差公式:两项差的平方等于首平方减两倍乘积再加尾平方。

a² − b² = (a + b)(a − b)

平方差公式:两项平方之差等于和与差的乘积,常用于因式分解。

For higher powers, the sum and difference of cubes are also important. These factorisations appear in rational expressions and polynomial division.

对于更高次幂,立方和与立方差公式也很重要,它们常出现在有理式化简和多项式除法中。

a³ + b³ = (a + b)(a² − ab + b²)

立方和:两项立方和等于和乘以不完全平方差。

a³ − b³ = (a − b)(a² + ab + b²)

立方差:两项立方差等于差乘以不完全平方和。


2. Quadratic Functions | 二次函数

e graph is a parabola. The sign of a determines whether it opens upwards (a > 0) or downwards (a < 0).

二次函数的标准式为 f(x) = ax² + bx + c,a ≠ 0。其图像是一条抛物线。a 的符号决定开口向上 (a > 0) 或向下 (a < 0)。

The quadratic formula gives the roots (solutions) of ax² + bx + c = 0.

二次公式给出方程 ax² + bx + c = 0 的根。

x = (−b ± √b² − 4ac) / 2a

求根公式:x 等于 2a 分之负 b 加减根号下 b 方减 4ac。

real roots; if Δ = 0, one repeated real root; if Δ < 0, no real roots (two complex roots).

判别式 Δ = b² − 4ac 决定根的性质:Δ > 0 有两个不等实根;Δ = 0 有一个重根;Δ < 0 没有实根。

Vieta’s formulas relate the sum and product of roots to coefficients.

韦达定理将根的和与积同系数联系起来。

Sum of roots = −b/a, Product of roots = c/a

两根之和等于 −b/a,两根之积等于 c/a。

where (h, k) is the vertex. Completing the square transforms standard form to vertex form.

顶点式为 f(x) = a(x − h)² + k,其中 (h, k) 为顶点坐标。配方法可将一般式化为顶点式。


3. Inequalities | 不等式

When solving linear inequalities such as ax + b > 0, treat them like equations but remember to reverse the inequality sign when multiplying or dividing by a negative number.

解一元一次不等式如 ax + b > 0 时,方法与方程类似,但乘或除以负数时必须反转不等号。

Quadratic inequalities require a sign diagram. Factorise the quadratic, identify critical values, and test intervals. The solution set for ax² + bx + c > 0 lies outside the roots when a > 0.

解二次不等式需要画出符号表。先将二次式因式分解,确定临界值,然后检验区间。当 a > 0 时,ax² + bx + c > 0 的解集在两根之外。

Absolute value inequalities like |x − p| < q are equivalent to −q < x − p < q, representing a distance on the number line.

含有绝对值的不等式如 |x − p| < q 等价于 −q < x − p < q,在数轴上表示一段距离。

|x| < a ⇔ −a < x < a

绝对值小于正数时,x 落在对称区间内。

|x| > a ⇔ x < −a or x > a

绝对值大于正数时,解集为两个无穷区间。


4. Surds and Indices | 根式与指数

Surds are irrational roots such as √2. Simplifying surds involves extracting square factors: √a²b = a√b for a ≥ 0.

根式是无理数平方根,例如 √2。化简根式时要提取平方因子:√a²b = a√b,其中 a ≥ 0。

Rationalising the denominator removes surds from the bottom of a fraction. For a monomial denominator like √b, multiply numerator and denominator by √b. For a binomial like a + √b, use the conjugate a − √b.

分母有理化可以消除分母中的根号。对于单项式分母如 √b,分子分母同乘 √b;对于二项式如 a + √b,则乘以共轭式 a − √b。

The laws of indices are essential for simplifying expressions with powers.

指数法则是化简幂表达式的关键。

中文解释:同底数幂相乘指数相加,相除指数相减,幂的乘方指数相乘,任何一个非零数的零次幂为1,负整数指数幂等于其正整数指数幂的倒数,分数指数表示根式形式。


5. Logarithms | 对数

hm answers the question: to what exponent must the base be raised to obtain a given number? If bˣ logₐ y for base a > 0, a ≠ 1. The key properties follow directly from the laws of indices.

对数用来求解:底数的几次幂等于给定的数?如果 bˣ = y,那么 x = logₐ y,其中底数 a > 0 且 a ≠ 1。对数的性质直接由指数法则推导而来。

logₐ (mn) = logₐ m + logₐ n

积的对数等于对数的和。

logₐ (m/n) = logₐ m − logₐ n

商的对数等于对数的差。

logₐ (mᵏ) = k logₐ m

幂的对数等于指数乘以对数的系数。

logₓ b) / (logₓ a). The natural logarithm ln x uses base e; the common logarithm log x uses base 10.

换底公式允许在不同底之间转换:logₐ b = (logₓ b) / (logₓ a)。自然对数 ln x 以 e 为底,常用对数 log x 以10为底。

Special values: logₐ 1 = 0, logₐ a = 1, and alogₐ x = x.

特殊值:logₐ 1 = 0,logₐ a = 1,以及 alogₐ x = x。


6. Coordinate Geometry | 坐标几何

Given two points A(x₁, y₁) and B(x₂, y₂), the distance between them uses Pythagoras’ theorem.

给定两点 A(x₁, y₁) 和 B(x₂, y₂),两点间的距离利用勾股定理计算。

AB = √[(x₂ − x₁)² + (y₂ − y₁)²]

距离公式:两点横坐标差的平方加纵坐标差的平方再开方。

The midpoint M of AB is given by the average of the coordinates.

线段 AB 的中点 M 坐标为两点坐标的平均值。

M = ((x₁ + x₂)/2, (y₁ + y₂)/2)

中点公式:横坐标和纵坐标分别求平均数。

The gradient (slope) of a straight line through A and B is the vertical change over the horizontal change.

过 A、B 两点的直线斜率(坡度)等于纵差除以横差。

m = (y₂ − y₁) / (x₂ − x₁)

斜率公式:两点纵坐标的差除以横坐标的差。

by + c = 0. Parallel lines have equal gradients; perpendicular lines satisfy m₁ × m₂ = −1.

直线方程有三种形式:斜截式 y = mx + c,点斜式 y − y₁ = m(x − x₁),以及一般式 ax + by + c = 0。平行线斜率相等;垂直线斜率乘积为 −1。

r². The general form x² + y² + Dx + Ey + F = 0 can be converted by completing the square.

以 (h, k) 为圆心、r 为半径的圆的方程是 (x − h)² + (y − k)² = r²。一般式 x² + y² + Dx + Ey + F = 0 可以通过配方转化为标准形式。


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7. Functions | 函数

one output to each input. The domain is the set of all allowable inputs; the range is the set of all possible outputs.

函数 f: x → f(x) 为每个输入分配唯一的输出。定义域是所有允许的输入的集合,值域是所有可能输出的集合。

Composite functions combine two functions: (g ∘ t, then g. The domain of the composite function must ensure that f(x) lies in the domain of g.

复合函数将两个函数结合:(g ∘ f)(x) = g(f(x)),即先作用 f,再作用 g。复合函数的定义域必须保证 f(x) 落在 g 的定义域内。

¹(x)) = x. To find it, set y = f(x), swap x and y, and solve for y. A function must be one‑to‑ erse to be a function as well. The graphs of f and f⁻¹ are symmetric about the line y = x.

反函数 f⁻¹ 可以撤销 f 的作用,满足 f(f⁻¹(x)) = x。求反函数时,设 y = f(x),交换 x 与 y,再解出 y。只有一一映射的函数其反函数才仍是函数。函数与反函数的图像关于直线 y = x 对称。


8. Trigonometric Ratios and Identities | 三角比与恒等式

For a right‑ nuse, cos θ = adjacent/hypotenuse, tan θ = opposite/adjacent. The mnemonic is SOH CAH TOA.

在直角三角形中,锐角 θ 的正弦、余弦和正切是边长之比:sin θ = 对边/斜边,cos θ = 邻边/斜边,tan θ = 对边/邻边。记忆口诀为 SOH CAH TOA。

Two fundamental Pythagorean identities follow from the unit circle definition.

由单位圆定义可得出两个基本的毕达哥拉斯恒等式。

sin²θ + cos²θ = 1

平方关系:正弦平方加余弦平方恒等于1。

1 + tan²θ = sec²θ, 1 + cot²θ = cosec²θ

正切与正割、余切与余割的恒等式。

Exact values for 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90° are often required: sin 30° = 1/2, cos 45° = √2/2, tan 60° = √3. Use the two standard triangles to derive them.

常要求熟练记忆 0°、30°、45°、60° 和 90° 的精确值:sin 30° = 1/2,cos 45° = √2/2,tan 60° = √3。借助两个标准三角形可推导出所有值。

k are solved by finding the principal value and then using the periodic and symmetric properties of the unit circle. General solutions for sine and cosine use multiples of 360° (2π radians).

解三角方程如 sin θ = k 时,先求主值,再利用单位圆的周期性和对称性写出通解。正弦和余弦的一般解含有 360° (2π 弧度)的整数倍。


9. Radian Measure and Arc Length | 弧度制与弧长

equal in length to the radius. The conversion between degrees and radians is π rad = 180°.

弧度是一种自然的角的度量方式:1 弧度等于圆中弧长等于半径时所对的圆心角。度与弧度的换算关系为 π 弧度 = 180°。

For a sector of a circle of radius r and angle θ in radians, the arc length s and the sector area A are given by simple formulas.

对于半径为 r、圆心角为 θ 弧度的扇形,弧长 s 和扇形面积 A 的计算公式非常简单。

Arc length: s = rθ

弧长公式:弧长等于半径乘以圆心角弧度。

Sector area: A = ½ r²θ

扇形面积公式:面积等于二分之一半径平方乘以圆心角弧度。

s derivatives of trigonometric functions and are used extensively throughout the syllabus.

当 θ 以度为单位时,弧长为 (θ/360)×2πr,面积为 (θ/360)×πr²。弧度制能够简化三角函数的微积分导数,在整个课程中被广泛使用。


10. Differentiation | 微分

ntiation gives the gradient of a curve. For a function y = f(x), the derivative dy/dx or f'(x) is the limit of the difference quotient. The power rule is fundamental.

微分用于求曲线的斜率。对于函数 y = f(x),导数 dy/dx 或 f'(x) 是差商的极限。幂法则是基本法则。

If y = xⁿ, then dy/dx = n xⁿ⁻¹

如果 y = xⁿ,则 dy/dx = n xⁿ⁻¹。

en a function is inside another: if y = f(u) and u = g(x), then dy/dx = (dy/du) × (du/dx).

常数倍法则、和法则以及链式法则可将微分推广到更复杂的表达式。链式法则用于复合函数:若 y = f(u) 且 u = g(x),则 dy/dx = (dy/du) × (du/dx)。

The product rule and quotient rule handle multiplication and division of functions.

乘积法则和商法则处理函数的乘法和除法。

Product rule: d(uv)/dx = u dv/dx + v du/dx

乘积法则:两个函数乘积的导数等于前导后不导加上后导前不导。

Quotient rule: d(u/v)/dx = (v du/dx − u dv/dx) / v²

商法则:分子导分母不导减分母导分子不导,除以分母的平方。

fy it as a local maximum (d²y/dx² < 0) or local minimum (d²y/dx² > 0). The equation of a tangent at a point (x₀, y₀) is y − y₀ = m(x − x₀), where m = dy/dx at that point. The normal is perpendicular to the tangent.

二阶导数 d²y/dx² 表示曲线的凹凸性。在驻点 dy/dx = 0 处,可用二阶导数判断极值:若 d²y/dx² < 0 则为极大值点,若 > 0 则为极小值点。曲线在点 (x₀, y₀) 处的切线方程为 y − y₀ = m(x − x₀),其中 m 为该点的导数值。法线与切线垂直。


11. Integration | 积分

Integration is the reverse process of differentiation. The indefinite integral of a function f(x) is a family of functions whose derivative is f(x). The power rule for integration adds one to the exponent and divides by the new exponent.

积分是微分的逆运算。函数 f(x) 的不定积分是一族原函数,其导数等于 f(x)。积分的幂法则是指数加一后除以新的指数。

∫ xⁿ dx = xⁿ⁺¹/(n+1) + C, n ≠ −1

幂函数的积分公式:n 不等于 −1 时,指数加1后除以新指数,再加上任意常数 C。

Basic integrals include ∫ eˣ dx = eˣ + C, ∫ 1/x dx = ln|x| + C, ∫ sin x dx = −cos x + C, and ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C.

基本积分公式:∫ eˣ dx = eˣ + C,∫ 1/x dx = ln|x| + C,∫ sin x dx = −cos x + C,∫ cos x dx = sin x + C。

efinite integral ∫ₐᵇ f(x) dx computes the signed area between the curve y = f(x) and the x‑ a to x = b, using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: ∫ₐᵇ f(x) dx = F(b) − F(a), where F'(x) = f(x).

定积分 ∫ₐᵇ f(x) dx 计算曲线 y = f(x) 与 x 轴之间从 x = a 到 x = b 的有符号面积,应用微积分基本定理:∫ₐᵇ f(x) dx = F(b) − F(a),其中 F'(x) = f(x)。

When the curve lies below the x‑axis, the integral gives a negative value. The actual area must be found by splitting the interval at the zeros and taking absolute values.

当曲线在 x 轴下方时,积分值为负。求实际面积时必须按零点拆分区间并取绝对值。


12. Vectors | 向量

A vector represents both magnitude and direction, and can be written in column form (x y)ᵀ ng unit vectors i and j in two dimensions. The magnitude (length) of vector a = xi + yj is |a| = √x² + y².

向量既有大小又有方向,在二维中可用列向量 (x y)ᵀ 或单位向量 i、j 表示。向量 a = xi + yj 的模(长度)为 |a| = √x² + y²。

Vector addition and scalar multiplication follow component‑wise operations. The zero vector 0 has magnitude zero and no specific direction.

向量的加法和标量乘法遵循分量运算。零向量 0 的模为零且无特定方向。

The dot product (scalar product) of two vectors a and b is a⋅b = |a||b| where θ is the angle between them. In component form, for a = (x₁, y₁) and b = (x₂, y₂), a⋅b = x₁x₂ + y₁y₂. If a⋅b = 0, the vectors are perpendicular.

两向量 a 与 b 的点乘(内积)为 a⋅b = |a||b| cos θ,其中 θ 是夹角。用分量表示时,对于 a = (x₁, y₁) 和 b = (x₂, y₂),a⋅b = x₁x₂ + y₁y₂。若 a⋅b = 0,则两向量垂直。

AB = OB − OA. These concepts are fundamental in solving geometric problems using vectors.

点 P 相对于原点 O 的位置向量为 OP。从 A 到 B 的向量是 AB = OB − OA。这些概念是利用向量解决几何问题的基础。

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