📚 Year 10 CIE Business Core Knowledge Review | Year 10 CIE 商务核心知识点梳理
This comprehensive guide covers all the essential topics for Year 10 students taking the CIE IGCSE Business (0450) course. It explains key concepts, definitions, and relationships that frequently appear in examinations, helping you build a solid foundation for Paper 1 and Paper 2.
本综合指南涵盖 CIE IGCSE 商务（0450）Year 10 阶段的所有核心主题。文章解释了经常出现在考试中的关键概念、定义和相互关系，为你夯实试卷一和试卷二的基础。
1. The Purpose and Nature of Business Activity | 商业活动的目的与性质
Businesses exist to produce goods and services that satisfy people’s needs and wants, helping to solve the economic problem of unlimited wants and limited resources.
企业的存在是为了生产商品和服务，以满足人们的需求和欲望，从而解决无限欲望与有限资源之间的经济问题。
Needs are things required for survival such as food, water and shelter, while wants are desires that are not essential, like luxury holidays.
需求是生存所必需的事物，如食物、水和住所；而欲望是非必需品，如奢侈假期。
The four factors of production are land (natural resources), labour (human effort), capital (man‑made tools and machinery) and enterprise (the ability to combine the other factors and take the risk of starting a business).
四种生产要素是土地（自然资源）、劳动力（人力）、资本（人造工具和机器）和企业（将其他要素结合并承担创业风险的能力）。
Scarcity forces businesses and individuals to make choices; the next best alternative forgone is called the opportunity cost.
稀缺性迫使企业和个人做出选择；所放弃的次优选择称为机会成本。
Specialisation occurs when workers or firms concentrate on a specific task or product, leading to higher efficiency but greater interdependence.
专业化是指工人或企业专注于特定任务或产品，从而提高效率但也增加了相互依赖。
Added value is the difference between the selling price and the cost of bought‑in materials; a business can increase added value by improving design, branding or quality.
增值是销售价格与采购材料成本之间的差额；企业可以通过改进设计、品牌或质量来提高增值。
2. Classification of Businesses | 企业分类
Businesses can be classified by sector: primary (extracting raw materials), secondary (manufacturing) and tertiary (providing services). Most economies contain a mix of all three sectors.
企业可按行业分类：第一产业（开采原材料）、第二产业（制造）和第三产业（提供服务）。大多数经济体三个产业齐备。
In the private sector, the main legal structures are sole trader, partnership, private limited company and public limited company. Each has different features regarding ownership, liability and ability to raise finance.
在私营部门，主要法律结构包括个体经营者、合伙制、私人有限公司和公共有限公司，每种结构在所有权、责任和融资能力上有所不同。
A sole trader has one owner who has unlimited liability, meaning personal assets can be used to pay business debts. It is easy to set up but carries high risk.
个体经营者只有一个所有者，承担无限责任，意味着个人资产可用于偿还企业债务。它易于建立但风险较高。
In a partnership, 2–20 partners share profits and responsibilities. A deed of partnership is recommended. Partners typically have unlimited liability, unless they form a limited liability partnership (LLP).
在合伙制中，2–20 个合伙人分享利润并分担责任，建议签订合伙协议。合伙人通常承担无限责任，除非成立有限责任合伙企业。
A private limited company (Ltd) is owned by shareholders who enjoy limited liability. Shares are not sold to the public, making it easier to keep control of the business.
私人有限公司（Ltd）由股东拥有，承担有限责任。股票不向公众出售，因此更容易保持企业控制权。
A public limited company (plc) can sell shares to the public on a stock exchange, enabling it to raise large amounts of capital, but it faces stricter regulations and the risk of takeover.
公共有限公司（plc）可向公众发售股票来筹集大量资本，但面临更严格的监管和被收购的风险。
Public enterprises are owned by the government and often provide essential services that may not be profitable for private firms, such as postal services or public transport.
公营企业由政府拥有，通常提供私营企业可能无法盈利的基本服务，如邮政服务或公共交通。
3. Enterprise, Business Growth and Size | 企业家精神、企业成长与规模
An entrepreneur is a person who takes the risk of starting and running a business, combining the factors of production. Key characteristics include creativity, risk‑taking, determination and leadership.
企业家是承担创业和经营风险、组合生产要素的人。关键特征包括创造力、冒险精神、决心和领导力。
Business growth can be internal (organic) — expanding through increased output, new branches or product development — or external (inorganic) through mergers and acquisitions.
企业成长可以是内部（有机）增长——通过增加产量、开设新分支机构或产品开发来扩张——或者是外部（无机）增长，通过合并和收购来实现。
A merger occurs when two firms agree to join together; a takeover happens when one firm buys control of another. Integration can be horizontal (same industry, same stage), vertical (different stages of production) or conglomerate (different industries).
合并是两家公司同意合并；收购则是一家公司购买另一家公司的控制权。整合可以是横向的（同一行业、同一生产阶段）、纵向的（不同生产阶段）或混合的（不同行业）。
Business size can be measured in several ways:
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