📚 Year 10 CIE Science: Quick Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Year 10 CIE 科学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering scientific terminology is like learning the grammar of nature. For Year 10 CIE Science students, a clear grasp of key terms across Physics, Chemistry, and Biology not only boosts exam performance but also builds confidence in explaining real-world phenomena. This guide picks the most essential and easily mixed-up vocabulary, pairing each with a memorable definition in plain English followed by its Chinese equivalent. Use it for daily review, flashcard creation, or quick self-tests.
掌握科学术语好比学习自然的语法。对 Year 10 CIE 科学学生来说，清晰理解物理、化学和生物中的关键术语，不仅能提高考试成绩，还能增强解释真实世界现象的信心。本指南精选了最重要且最易混淆的词汇，每组都先用简单英文定义再配以中文释义。你可以用它进行日常复习、制作闪卡或自我小测。
1. Measurements and Units | 测量与单位
Mass is the amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg). It is a scalar quantity, meaning it has magnitude only and remains the same anywhere in the universe.
质量是物体所含物质的量，以千克（kg）为单位。它是标量，只有大小，在宇宙任何地方都保持不变。
Weight wtons (N). Weight = mass × gravitational field strength (g), and it changes with location.
重量是作用在物体上的引力，以牛顿（N）为单位。重量 = 质量 × 引力场强（g），并会随位置改变。
Volume ject occupies. It is commonly measured in cubic metres (m³) or litres (L). 1 L = 0.001 m³.
体积指物体占据的空间大小。常用单位是立方米（m³）或升（L）。1 L = 0.001 m³。
Density ed as ρ = m / V. The SI unit is kg/m³. Objects with lower density than a fluid will float.
密度是单位体积的质量，公式为 ρ = m / V。SI 单位是 kg/m³。密度比流体低的物体会漂浮。
Scalar quantities have only magnitude, e.g., speed, distance, mass, time. Vector quantities have both magnitude and direction, e.g., velocity, displacement, force, acceleration.
标量只有大小，例如速率、距离、质量、时间。矢量既有大小又有方向，例如速度、位移、力、加速度。
weight = m × g
2. States of Matter and Particle Theory | 物质状态与粒子理论
Solid has a fixed shape and volume; particles are closely packed in a regular pattern and vibrate in fixed positions.
固体有固定的形状和体积；粒子紧密排列成规则结构并在固定位置振动。
Liquid has a fixed volume but takes the shape of its container; particles are close together but can slide past each other.
液体有固定体积但形状随容器而定；粒子紧密排列但能相互滑动。
Gas has no fixed shape or volume; particles are far apart, move randomly at high speeds, and fill the container completely.
气体没有固定的形状和体积；粒子相距很远，高速随机运动，并充满整个容器。
Melting is the change from solid to liquid at the melting point. Boiling occurs throughout the liquid at the boiling point, while evaporation happens at the surface below the boiling point.
熔化是在熔点时固体变为液体的过程。沸腾是在沸点时整个液体内部发生的变化，而蒸发是在沸点以下发生在液体表面的过程。
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, driven by the random motion of particles.
扩散是粒子从较高浓度区域向较低浓度区域的净移动，由粒子的随机运动驱动。
Sublimation is the direct change from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state, e.g., solid carbon dioxide (dry ice).
升华是固体不经过液态直接变为气体的过程，例如固态二氧化碳（干冰）。
3. Atomic Structure | 原子结构
Proton is a positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus, with a relative mass of 1.
质子是原子核中带正电的亚原子粒子，相对质量为 1。
Neutron is a neutral particle in the nucleus, also with a relative mass of 1. Electrons are tiny, negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus in shells.
中子是原子核中的中性粒子，相对质量也为 1。电子是带负电的极小粒子，在核外分层绕行。
Atomic number (Z) is the number of protons in an atom, which determines the element. Mass number (A) is the total number of protons and neutrons.
原子序数（Z）是原子中的质子数，决定了元素种类。质量数（A）是质子数与中子数之和。
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, hence different mass numbers.
同位素是同一元素中质子数相同但中子数不同的原子，因此质量数不同。
Ion is a charged particle formed when an atom gains or loses electrons. A cation is a positive ion (lost electrons); an anion is a negative ion (gained electrons).
离子是原子得到或失去电子后形成的带电粒子。阳离子是正离子（失去电子）；阴离子是负离子（得到电子）。
A = Z + number of neutrons
4. Chemical Bonding | 化学键合
Ionic bond is the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, usually formed when a metal transfers electrons to a non-metal.
离子键是带相反电荷离子之间的静电吸引力，通常由金属向非金属转移电子形成。
Covalent bond is the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between non-metal atoms to achieve full outer shells.
共价键是非金属原子间通过共用一对或多对电子以达成满层结构的化学键。
Metallic bond is the attraction between a lattice of positive metal ions and a 'sea' of delocalised electrons, which allows metals to conduct electricity and be malleable.
金属键是正金属离子晶格与离域电子“海洋”之间的吸引力，这使金属能够导电并具有延展性。
Molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. Compound is a substance formed from two or more different elements chemically combined.
分子是由两个或多个原子通过共价键结合在一起的基团。化合物是由两种或多种不同元素通过化学结合形成的物质。
Lattice is a regular repeating arrangement of particles (ions, atoms, or molecules) in a solid. Giant ionic lattices have high melting points due to strong electrostatic forces.
晶格是固体中粒子（离子、原子或分子）的规则重复排列。巨型离子晶格因强静电作用而具有高熔点。
5. Chemical Reactions and Equations | 化学反应与方程式
Reactants are substances that undergo change during a reaction, while products are the new substances formed.
反应物是在反应中发生变化的物质，生成物是形成的新物质。
Exothermic reaction releases heat energy to the surroundings, causing a temperature rise (e.g., combustion). Endothermic reaction absorbs heat, lowering the surrounding temperature (e.g., photosynthesis).
放热反应向环境释放热能，导致温度升高（如燃烧）。吸热反应吸收热量，使周围温度下降（如光合作用）。
Catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being chemically changed or used up. It provides an alternative pathway with lower activation energy.
催化剂是能加速化学反应而自身不被化学变化或消耗的物质。它提供一条活化能更低的替代路径。
Rate of reaction measures how quickly reactants are used up or products are formed. It can be increased by raising temperature, concentration, surface area, or adding a catalyst.
反应速率衡量反应物消耗或生成物形成的快慢。升温、提高浓度、增大表面积或加入催化剂均可提高速率。
Acid is a proton donor (releases H⁺ in water) with pH less than 7. Base is a proton acceptor; an alkali is a soluble base that releases OH⁻.
酸是质子给予体（在水中释放 H⁺），pH 小于 7。碱是质子接受体；可溶碱是释放 OH⁻ 的可溶性碱。
Neutralisation is the reaction between an acid and a base to form salt and water: H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O.
中和是酸与碱生成盐和水的反应：H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O。
6. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Force is a push or pull that can change an object's speed, direction, or shape. Measured in newtons (N).
力是能改变物体速度、方向或形状的推或拉，单位是牛顿（N）。
Speed (scalar) is the distance travelled per unit time. Velocity (vector) is speed in a given direction. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity, a = Δv / t.
速率（标量）是单位时间内通过的距离。速度（矢量）是给定方向上的速率。加速度是速度的变化率，a = Δv / t。
Distance is the total path length (scalar), while displacement is the straight-line distance from start to finish in a stated direction (vector).
距离是路径总长度（标量），而位移是从起点到终点的直线距离并指明方向（矢量）。
Resultant force is the single force that has the same effect as all the forces acting on an object combined. If it is zero, the object is either at rest or moving at constant velocity.
合力是作用在物体上所有力组合之后具有相同效果的单一力。合力为零时，物体静止或匀速运动。
Newton's First Law: an object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a resultant force. Second Law: F = m × a. Third Law: every action force has an equal and opposite reaction force.
牛顿第一定律：物体在不受合力作用时保持静止或匀速运动。第二定律：F = m × a。第三定律：每一个作用力都有一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力。
F_resultant = m × a
7. Energy Resources and Transfers | 能源与能量转移
Kinetic energy (KE) is the energy of a moving object: KE = ½ m v². Gravitational potential energy (GPE) is stored energy due to height: GPE = m × g × h.
动能（KE）是运动物体的能量：KE = ½ m v²。重力势能（GPE）是因高度而储存的能量：GPE = m × g × h。
Thermal energy is the internal energy of an object due to the random motion of its particles. It flows from hotter to cooler regions.
热能是物体因粒子随机运动而具有的内能，从高温区域向低温区域传递。
Conduction is the transfer of heat through a solid by particle vibration, mainly in metals via free electrons. Convection is heat transfer through fluids (liquids/gases) by the movement of warmer, less dense regions rising.
传导是通过粒子振动在固体中传递热量，在金属中主要靠自由电子进行。对流是通过流体中较热、密度较小的区域上升而进行的热传递。
Radiation is the transfer of energy by infrared electromagnetic waves; it can travel through a vacuum, unlike conduction and convection.
辐射是通过红外电磁波传递能量；它可以在真空中传播，不像传导和对流需要介质。
Renewable energy sources are replenished naturally (solar, wind, tidal, hydroelectric). Non-renewable sources are finite (coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear).
可再生能源是能自然补充的能源（太阳能、风能、潮汐能、水能）。不可再生能源是储量有限的能源（煤、石油、天然气、核能）。
KE = ½ m v² and GPE = m g h
8. Waves: Properties and Types | 波的性质与类型
Wavelength (λ) is the distance between two consecutive identical points on a wave, e.g., crest to crest.
波长（λ）是波上两个相邻相同点之间的距离，例如波峰到波峰。
Frequency (f) is the number of complete waves passing a point per second, measured in hertz (Hz). Amplitude is the maximum displacement from the rest position.
频率（f）是每秒通过某点的完整波数，单位为赫兹（Hz）。振幅是偏离平衡位置的最大位移。
Transverse waves have oscillations perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer (e.g., light, water ripples). Longitudinal waves have oscillations parallel to the energy transfer (e.g., sound).
横波的振动方向与能量传递方向垂直（如光、水波）。纵波的振动方向与能量传递方向平行（如声音）。
Reflection is the bouncing back of a wave when it hits a boundary. Refraction is the bending of a wave as it passes from one medium to another due to a change in speed.
反射是波遇到边界时反弹回来的现象。折射是波因速度变化从一种介质进入另一种介质时发生的弯曲。
Diffraction is the spreading of waves as they pass through a gap or around an obstacle; the effect is most noticeable when the gap width is similar to the wavelength.
衍射是波通过缝隙或绕过障碍物时发生的展宽现象；缝隙宽度与波长相近时效果最明显。
wave speed = frequency × wavelength
9. Electricity Basics | 电学基础
Current (I) is the rate of flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). In a metallic conductor, it is the flow of free electrons from negative to positive.
电流（I）是电荷流动的速率，单位为安培（A）。在金属导体中，它是自由电子从负极向正极的流动。
Potential difference (p.d. or voltage) is the energy transferred per unit charge between two points, measured in volts (V).
电势差（p.d. 或电压）是两点间每单位电荷转移的能量，单位为伏特（V）。
Resistance (R) is the opposition to current flow, measured in ohms (Ω). It depends on material, length, cross-sectional area, and temperature.
电阻（R）是对电流流动的阻碍，单位为欧姆（Ω）。它取决于材料、长度、横截面积和温度。
Ohm's Law at constant temperature, V = I × R. A component obeying this is called an ohmic conductor.
欧姆定律指出，在恒定温度下，对于电阻器有 V = I × R。遵循此规律的元件称为欧姆导体。
Series circuit has only one path for current; current is the same everywhere, and total resistance adds up. Parallel circuit has branching paths; the voltage across each branch is the same, and total current splits.
串联电路只有一条电流通路；各处电流相同，总电阻为各电阻之和。并联电路有分支路径；各支路两端电压相同，总电流进行分路。
V = I × R
10. Cells and Organelles | 细胞与细胞器
Nucleus contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls all cellular activities. It is surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
细胞核含有细胞的遗传物质（DNA），控制一切细胞活动，外有核膜包裹。
Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance where most chemical reactions take place. Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration, releasing energy as ATP.
细胞质是果冻状物质，大部分化学反应在此进行。线粒体是有氧呼吸的场所，释放能量形成 ATP。
Ribosomes are tiny organelles that synthesise proteins using instructions from the nucleus.
核糖体是微小的细胞器，根据细胞核的指令合成蛋白质。
Cell membrane is a partially permeable barrier that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. Cell wall (in plants) is a rigid outer layer made of cellulose that provides support.
细胞膜是选择透过性屏障，控制物质的进出。细胞壁（植物特有）是由纤维素构成的刚性外层，起支撑作用。
Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll pigment and are responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells. Vacuole in plant cells is a large, fluid-filled sac that stores nutrients and helps maintain turgor pressure.
叶绿体含有叶绿素色素，负责植物细胞的光合作用。植物细胞中的液泡是一个充满液体的大囊，储存营养并帮助维持膨压。
11. Enzymes and Digestion | 酶与消化
Enzyme is a biological catalyst made of protein that speeds up specific metabolic reactions without being consumed.
酶是一种由蛋白质构成的生物催化剂，能加快特定代谢反应而自身不被消耗。
Active site is the region on an enzyme where the substrate molecule binds. The lock-and-key model describes the specific complementary shape.
活性位点是酶上底物分子结合的区域。锁钥模型描述了二者形状互补的特异性。
Substrate is the reactant that fits into the enzyme's active site. Product is released after the reaction occurs.
底物是能与酶活性位点结合的反应物。反应发生后产物被释放。
Denaturation is the permanent change in the shape of an enzyme's active site due to extreme temperature or pH, causing loss of function.
变性是由于极端温度或 pH 导致酶活性位点形状发生永久改变，从而丧失功能的过程。
Amylase breaks down starch into simple sugars (e.g., maltose) in the mouth and small intestine. Protease digests proteins into amino acids. Lipase breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
淀粉酶在口腔和小肠将淀粉分解为单糖（如麦芽糖）。蛋白酶将蛋白质消化为氨基酸。脂肪酶将脂肪分解为脂肪酸和甘油。
Absorption is the movement of digested food molecules (e.g., glucose, amino acids) through the wall of the small intestine into the blood.
吸收是被消化后的食物分子（如葡萄糖、氨基酸）穿过小肠壁进入血液的过程。
12. Ecology and Ecosystems | 生态学与生态系统
Ecosystem is a defined area in which a community of organisms interacts with each other and their non-living (abiotic) environment.
生态系统是一个限定区域内生物群落相互之间以及与它们非生物（无生命）环境相互作用的空间。
Population is all the organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time. Community is all the populations of different species living together.
种群是同一时间生活在同一区域内的同种生物全部个体。群落是共同生活的所有不同物种的种群总和。
Habitat is the specific place where an organism lives. Niche is the role an organism plays in its ecosystem, including its feeding relationships and interactions.
栖息地是生物生存的具体地点。生态位是生物在生态系统中扮演的角色，包括其食物关系和各种相互作用。
Producer is an organism that makes its own food through photosynthesis (e.g., plants, algae). Consumer obtains energy by eating other organisms. Decomposer breaks down dead material and recycles nutrients (e.g., bacteria, fungi).
生产者是通过光合作用自己制造食物的生物（如植物、藻类）。消费者通过取食其他生物获取能量。分解者分解死亡物质并循环养分（如细菌、真菌）。
Food chain is a diagram showing the linear flow of energy from one organism to another. A food web is a network of interconnected food chains, showing more realistic feeding relationships.
食物链是显示能量从一个生物到另一个生物线性流动的图解。食物网是由相互连接的食物链构成的网络，展示更真实的取食关系。
Trophic level is the position an organism occupies in a food chain. Energy is lost at each level due to respiration, movement, and waste, so chains rarely exceed four or five levels.
营养级是生物在食物链中所处的位置。由于呼吸、运动和废物，能量在每个级别都会损失，因此食物链很少超过四到五级。
producer → primary consumer → secondary consumer → tertiary consumer
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