📚 Year 10 CIE Science: Key Concepts Overview | CIE 十年级科学：核心知识点梳理
As Year 10 students following the CIE IGCSE Science curriculum, mastering the core concepts in Biology, Chemistry and Physics is crucial for exam success. This article summarises the essential topics and key ideas you need to know.
对于学习 CIE IGCSE 科学的十年级学生来说，掌握生物、化学和物理的核心概念对考试成功至关重要。本文梳理了必须掌握的重要主题和关键要点。
1. Cell Biology and Transport | 细胞生物学与物质运输
Cells are the basic units of life. Plant and animal cells share common organelles such as the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes, but plant cells also have a cell wall, chloroplasts and a permanent vacuole.
细胞是生命的基本单位。动植物细胞共有细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜、线粒体和核糖体等细胞器，但植物细胞还有细胞壁、叶绿体和大液泡。
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential. Active transport requires energy to move substances against the concentration gradient.
扩散是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动。渗透是水通过部分透性膜从较高水势区域向较低水势区域的扩散。主动运输需要能量逆浓度梯度移动物质。
2. Enzymes and Digestion | 酶与消化
Enzymes are biological catalysts made of protein that speed up reactions without being used up. They have an active site that is complementary to a specific substrate. Temperature and pH affect enzyme activity; each enzyme has an optimum. Denaturation occurs when the active site changes shape irreversibly.
酶是蛋白质构成的生物催化剂，能加快反应而不被消耗。酶具有与特定底物互补的活性位点。温度和 pH 值影响酶活性；每种酶有其最适条件。当活性位点形状发生不可逆改变时，酶变性失活。
Digestive enzymes break down large food molecules. Amylase (in saliva and pancreas) breaks down starch into maltose; protease (stomach and pancreas) hydrolyses proteins into amino acids; lipase (pancreas) digests fats into fatty acids and glycerol. Bile from the liver emulsifies fats, increasing surface area for lipase action.
消化酶分解大分子食物。淀粉酶（唾液和胰液）将淀粉分解为麦芽糖；蛋白酶（胃和胰）将蛋白质水解为氨基酸；脂肪酶（胰）将脂肪消化为脂肪酸和甘油。肝脏分泌的胆汁乳化脂肪，增大脂肪酶作用面积。
3. Circulatory System | 循环系统
The human circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood. The heart has four chambers: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle. Deoxygenated blood returns to the right side and is pumped to the lungs; oxygenated blood returns to the left side and is pumped to the body. Arteries carry blood away from the heart under high pressure; veins return blood to the heart with valves to prevent backflow; capillaries allow exchange of materials.
人体循环系统由心脏、血管和血液组成。心脏有四个腔：右心房、右心室、左心房、左心室。缺氧血返回右侧并泵入肺；富氧血返回左侧泵至全身。动脉将血液从心脏输出，压力较高；静脉将血液送回心脏，内有瓣膜防止倒流；毛细血管实现物质交换。
Red blood cells contain haemoglobin for oxygen transport; white blood cells fight infections; platelets help clotting; plasma transports nutrients, hormones and waste.
红细胞含血红蛋白运输氧气；白细胞抵抗感染；血小板帮助凝血；血浆运输营养物质、激素和废物。
4. Atomic Structure and Bonding | 原子结构与化学键
ells. Atomic number = number of protons; mass number = protons + neutrons. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
原子由质子、中子和电子组成。质子（正电）和中子（中性）位于原子核内；电子（负电）在核外分层排布。原子序数 = 质子数；质量数 = 质子数 + 中子数。同位素是同种元素但中子数不同的原子。
Ionic bonding occurs between metals and non-metals, involving transfer of electrons to form oppositely charged ions that attract in a giant lattice. Covalent bonding occurs between non-metals, sharing electron pairs to form molecules or giant covalent structures (e.g. diamond, SiO₂). Metallic bonding: positive metal ions in a sea of delocalised electrons.
离子键形成于金属与非金属之间，通过电子转移形成带相反电荷的离子，在巨型晶格中相互吸引。共价键形成于非金属之间，共享电子对形成分子或巨型共价结构（如金刚石、SiO₂）。金属键：金属阳离子沉浸在离域电子的“海洋”中。
5. Stoichiometry and Moles | 化学计量与摩尔
mole is the unit of amount of substance. One mole contains 6.02 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro' ced equations to calculate reacting masses and volumes of gases (molar volume at r.t.p. = 24 dm³/mol).
摩尔是物质的量的单位。1 摩尔含有 6.02 × 10²³ 个粒子（阿伏伽德罗常数）。摩尔质量（分子 Mᵣ，原子 Aᵣ）单位为 g/mol。公式：摩尔数 = 质量 (g) / 摩尔质量 (g/mol)。利用平衡方程式中的摩尔比计算反应质量和气体体积（常温常压下摩尔体积 = 24 dm³/mol）。
Concentration (mol/dm³) = moles / volume (dm³). Also useful: concentration in g/dm³.
浓度 (mol/dm³) = 摩尔数 / 体积 (dm³)。也可用 g/dm³ 表示。
6. Acids, Bases and Salts | 酸、碱和盐
>7. Neutralisation: acid + base → salt + water. Common acids: HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃. Reactions of acids: with metals → salt + hydrogen; with carbonates → salt + water + CO₂; with bases → salt + water.
酸是质子 (H⁺) 供体；碱是可溶性碱，释放 OH⁻ 离子。pH 标度衡量酸碱度；酸 pH<7，中性 7，碱 pH>7。中和反应：酸 + 碱 → 盐 + 水。常见酸：HCl、H₂SO₄、HNO₃。酸的反应：与金属反应 → 盐 + 氢气；与碳酸盐反应 → 盐 + 水 + CO₂；与碱反应 → 盐 + 水。
Soluble salts can be made by reacting acid with an excess of insoluble base, filtering and crystallising. Titration is used when preparing salts from soluble bases.
可溶盐可通过酸与过量不溶性碱反应，过滤后结晶制备。可溶性碱则用滴定法制盐。
7. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
s have magnitude and direction (e.g., velocity, displacement, force, acceleration). Newton' stays at rest or moves at constant velocity unless acted upon by a resultant force. Newton's Second Law: F = ma, force = mass × acceleration. Newton's Third Law: action–reaction pairs.
标量只有大小（如速率、距离、质量）；矢量既有大小又有方向（如速度、位移、力、加速度）。牛顿第一定律：物体保持静止或匀速直线运动状态，除非有合力作用。牛顿第二定律：F = ma，力 = 质量 × 加速度。牛顿第三定律：作用力与反作用力。
+ 2as. Momentum p = mv; impulse = change in momentum. Momentum is conserved in collisions.
匀加速运动公式：v = u + at，s = ut + ½at²，v² = u² + 2as。动量 p = mv；冲量等于动量变化。碰撞中动量守恒。
8. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功与功率
energy: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed. Work done (J) = force (N) × distance (m) in the direction of force. Power (W) = work done / time taken, or energy transferred / time.
能量以不同形式存在：动能、势能（重力势能、弹性势能）、热能、化学能、核能等。能量守恒定律：能量不能创造或消灭，只能转移或转化。功 (J) = 力 (N) × 沿力方向移动的距离 (m)。功率 (W) = 功 / 时间，或转移的能量 / 时间。
potential energy GPE = mgh. Efficiency = (useful output energy / total input energy) × 100%.
动能 KE = ½mv²，重力势能 GPE = mgh。效率 = (有用输出能量 / 总输入能量) × 100%。
9. Waves and Sound | 波与声音
, water waves). Longitudinal waves: oscillations parallel to direction (e.g., sound). Wave equation: v = fλ, speed = frequency × wavelength. Reflection, refraction and diffraction are key wave behaviours.
波传递能量而不传递物质。横波：振动方向与能量传递方向垂直（例如光波、水波）。纵波：振动方向与传递方向平行（例如声波）。波速公式：v = fλ，波速 = 频率 × 波长。反射、折射和衍射是波的主要行为。
Sound is produced by vibrating sources and needs a medium. An echo is reflected sound. Ultrasound: frequency >20 kHz, used in sonar and medical imaging. Pitch relates to frequency, loudness to amplitude.
声音由振动源产生，需要介质传播。回声是反射的声音。超声波：频率 >20 kHz，用于声呐和医学成像。音调与频率有关，响度与振幅有关。
10. Electricity and Magnetism | 电与磁
electrons. Current I = Q/t. Voltage (V) is energy per unit charge. Resistance R = V/I (Ohm's law for ohmic conductors). Resistors in series: Rtotal = R₁ + R₂; in parallel: 1/Rtotal = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂. Power P = IV = I²R = V²/R.
电流是电荷的流动。在金属中，电流是电子的流动。电流 I = Q/t。电压 V 是单位电荷的能量。电阻 R = V/I（欧姆定律适用于欧姆导体）。串联电阻：Rtotal = R₁ + R₂；并联电阻：1/Rtotal = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂。功率 P = IV = I²R = V²/R。
t: force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field (F = BIL sinθ). The generator effect: induced e.m.f. when a conductor cuts magnetic field lines. Transformers work with AC.
载流导线周围产生磁场；使用右手螺旋定则。电磁铁采用带铁芯的螺线管。电动机效应：通电导体在磁场中受力 (F = BIL sinθ)。发电机效应：导体切割磁力线时产生感应电动势。变压器在交流电下工作。
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