📚 Year 10 CIE Biology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | Year 10 CIE 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering IGCSE Biology begins with a solid grasp of the subject's language. From 'mitochondrion' to 'transpiration', every term opens a door to understanding core processes. This guide breaks down over 100 must-know keywords by topic cluster, pairing each with a simple English explanation, its Chinese equivalent, and a memory hook or visual tip to accelerate recall. Use it alongside your CIE revision to turn confusing vocabulary into quick marks on exam day.
掌握 IGCSE 生物，首先要攻克学科的语言关。从“线粒体”到“蒸腾作用”，每个术语都联系着一个核心过程。本指南按主题板块梳理了 100 多个必知词汇，每个都配有英文简明解释、中文对应以及记忆技巧或视觉联想，帮助快速巩固记忆。配合 CIE 复习使用，把令人混淆的词汇变成考试中的得分利器。
1. Characteristics of Living Organisms | 生物的特征
All living things share a set of fundamental life processes, often remembered by the acronym MRS GREN. 'M' stands for Movement, an action by an organism causing a change of position or place. 'R' is Respiration, the chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules to release energy. 'S' means Sensitivity, the ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment. 'G' represents Growth, a permanent increase in size and dry mass. Another 'R' is Reproduction, making more of the same kind of organism. 'E' stands for Excretion, removal of toxic waste products of metabolism. 'N' is Nutrition, taking in materials for energy, growth and repair. Using MRS GREN as a checklist ensures you never miss a characteristic when defining life.
所有生物都具备一套基本生命过程，常用英文首字母缩写 MRS GREN 来记忆。“M”代表运动（Movement），即生物体引起位置或地点的改变。“R”为呼吸作用（Respiration），指分解营养分子以释放能量的化学反应。“S”指感应性（Sensitivity），探测并响应环境变化的能力。“G”表示生长（Growth），体积和干重的永久性增加。另一个“R”是生殖（Reproduction），产生同种后代。“E”代表排泄（Excretion），移除代谢产生的有毒废物。“N”为营养（Nutrition），摄取物质以提供能量、生长和修复。把 MRS GREN 当作核对清单，给生命下定义时就不会遗漏任何特征。
2. Classification and the Five Kingdoms | 分类与五界系统
Organisms are grouped into a hierarchy to show evolutionary relationships. The sequence from largest to smallest is Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species – often recalled by 'Keeping Precious Creatures Organized For Grumpy Scientists'. A species is defined as a group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. The binomial naming system gives every species a two-part Latin name, e.g. Homo sapiens. The five kingdoms are Animals, Plants, Fungi, Prokaryotes (bacteria) and Protoctists (mostly unicellular eukaryotes like amoeba). Key features such as cell wall composition, multicellularity and mode of nutrition help place an organism in the correct kingdom.
生物被归入层级系统以显示演化关系。从大到小的顺序为：界、门、纲、目、科、属、种——可用一句谐音口诀辅助记忆。物种定义为能够相互交配并产生可育后代的一群生物。双名法给每个物种一个两部分拉丁学名，如 Homo sapiens。五界分别是动物界、植物界、真菌界、原核生物界（细菌）和原生生物界（多为单细胞真核生物，如变形虫）。细胞壁成分、是否多细胞、营养方式等关键特征帮助将生物放入正确的界。
The term 'prokaryote' literally means 'before nucleus' – these cells lack a true nucleus. 'Eukaryote' means 'true nucleus', so all organisms with membrane-bound organelles are eukaryotes. Fungi are heterotrophic and have cell walls made of chitin, not cellulose. Protoctists are a mixed group; some are plant-like (e.g. algae) and others animal-like.
“原核生物”一词字面意思是“在核之前”——这些细胞没有真正的细胞核。“真核生物”意为“真正的核”，因此所有拥有膜包被细胞器的生物都是真核生物。真菌为异养，细胞壁由几丁质而非纤维素构成。原生生物是一个混杂的类群；有的类似植物（如藻类），有的类似动物。
3. Cell Structures and Organelles | 细胞结构与细胞器
The cell is the basic unit of life. The plasma membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell. The cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance where chemical reactions occur. The nucleus contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities. Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion) are the site of aerobic respiration, releasing energy. Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis. In plant cells, the cell wall made of cellulose provides support, chloroplasts absorb light for photosynthesis, and the large permanent vacuole contains cell sap and maintains turgor. Remember: 'Mitochondria make mighty energy' and 'Chloroplasts capture light'.
细胞是生命的基本单位。细胞膜控制物质进出。细胞质是发生化学反应的胶状物质。细胞核含有遗传物质 (DNA)，调控细胞活动。线粒体（单数 mitochondrion）是有氧呼吸的场所，释放能量。核糖体进行蛋白质合成。在植物细胞中，由纤维素构成的细胞壁提供支撑，叶绿体吸收光能进行光合作用，巨大的中央液泡含有细胞液并维持膨压。记住：“线粒体制造能量”和“叶绿体捕获光能”。
When comparing animal and plant cells, note that animal cells lack a cell wall, chloroplasts and a large vacuole. Some animal cells may have small temporary vacuoles. Fungal cells also have cell walls, but made of chitin. Bacterial cells are much smaller and lack a nucleus; their DNA forms a single circular chromosome and they may contain plasmids.
比较动物和植物细胞时，注意动物细胞没有细胞壁、叶绿体和大液泡。有些动物细胞可有小型临时液泡。真菌细胞也有细胞壁，但由几丁质构成。细菌细胞小得多，无细胞核；其 DNA 形成单一环状染色体，并可能含有质粒。
4. Movement in and out of Cells | 物质进出细胞
Substances cross cell membranes by diffusion, osmosis and active transport. Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient. It is passive and requires no energy. Osmosis is a special case: the net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential through a partially permeable membrane. Active transport goes against the concentration gradient and requires energy from respiration, using carrier proteins. Think: 'Diffusion – downhill; Active transport – uphill'.
物质通过扩散、渗透和主动运输穿过细胞膜。扩散是粒子从高浓度区域到低浓度区域的净移动，顺浓度梯度进行，属于被动过程，不需要能量。渗透是一个特例：水分子通过选择性透过膜从较高水势区域到较低水势区域的净移动。主动运输则逆浓度梯度进行，需要呼吸作用提供的能量，并利用载体蛋白。记法：“扩散——下坡；主动运输——上坡”。
Water potential is measured in kilopascals (kPa); pure water has the highest water potential (0 kPa), and adding solutes lowers it. In a hypertonic solution, the external water potential is lower than inside the cell, causing water loss; in a hypotonic solution, water enters. Isotonic means equal water potential. Plant cells become turgid when filled with water, and flaccid or plasmolysed when water leaves.
水势以千帕（kPa）为单位；纯水的水势最高（0 kPa），加入溶质后水势降低。在高渗溶液中，外部水势低于细胞内部，细胞失水；在低渗溶液中，水进入。等渗意为水势相等。植物细胞充水时呈坚挺状态，失水时变得松弛或发生质壁分离。
5. Biological Molecules and Enzymes | 生物分子与酶
The large molecules of life are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars (glucose, sucrose) and polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose). Lipids (fats and oils) are made of fatty acids and glycerol. Proteins are chains of amino acids folded into specific shapes. Enzymes are biological catalysts – proteins that speed up reactions without being used up. Each enzyme has an active site that fits a specific substrate, explained by the lock-and-key model. Denaturation occurs when high temperature or extreme pH changes the shape of the active site permanently. A simple mnemonic: 'Enzyme – SUBstrate fits the active site like a key in its own LOCK'.
生物大分子包括碳水化合物、脂类、蛋白质和核酸。碳水化合物包括糖类（葡萄糖、蔗糖）和多糖（淀粉、糖原、纤维素）。脂类（脂肪和油）由脂肪酸和甘油组成。蛋白质是由氨基酸组成的链，折叠成特定形状。酶是生物催化剂——能加速反应而自身不被消耗的蛋白质。每种酶有一个活性位点，与特定底物吻合，这用锁钥模型来解释。高温或极端 pH 使活性位点形状永久改变时，发生变性。简单的记忆法：“酶——底物像钥匙一样插入自己的锁中”。
Food tests are crucial: Benedict's test for reducing sugars (blue to brick-red on heating), iodine test for starch (orange-brown to blue-black), biuret test for proteins (blue to purple), and ethanol emulsion test for lipids (cloudy white emulsion). Recall: 'Benedict scans for sweet, iodine remembers starch, biuret finds protein's heart, ethanol shakes to see fat's art'.
食物检验很关键：本尼迪克特检验还原糖（加热后由蓝变砖红），碘液检验淀粉（橙褐变蓝黑），双缩脲检验蛋白质（蓝变紫），乙醇乳化检验脂类（白色乳浊液）。记忆口诀：“本尼迪克识别糖，碘液遇淀显蓝黑，双缩脲验蛋白质，乙醇震摇验脂肪”。
6. Plant Nutrition and Photosynthesis | 植物营养与光合作用
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants manufacture glucose from carbon dioxide and water, using light energy absorbed by chlorophyll. The word equation is:
carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants manufacture glucose from carbon dioxide and water, using light energy absorbed by chlorophyll. The balanced symbol equation is:
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
Chlorophyll is the green pigment inside chloroplasts that traps light energy. The glucose produced is used for respiration, converted into starch for storage, turned into cellulose for cell walls, combined with nitrates to make amino acids, or stored as sucrose. Magnesium is needed to make chlorophyll; nitrate ions are required for amino acids. Deficiency symptoms link directly: yellowing leaves (lack of magnesium) and stunted growth (lack of nitrates).
光合作用是植物利用叶绿素吸收的光能，将二氧化碳和水合成葡萄糖的过程。字方程式为：二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气。平衡化学方程式为：6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂。叶绿素是叶绿体中的绿色色素，能捕捉光能。生成的葡萄糖用于呼吸作用、转化为淀粉储存、变成纤维素构建细胞壁、与硝酸盐结合制造氨基酸，或作为蔗糖储存。镁是制造叶绿素所必需；硝酸根离子是合成氨基酸所需。缺素症状直接对应：缺镁叶片发黄，缺氮生长受阻。
An easy memory link: 'Magnesium is the M in chlorophyll' (though not chemically true, it helps). Think of nitrate ions as the 'protein builders'. Photosynthesis provides the organic foundation for almost all food chains.
一个记忆联系：“镁是叶绿素里的 M”（虽然化学上不完全准确，但帮助记忆）。把硝酸根离子想成“蛋白质建筑师”。光合作用为几乎所有食物链提供了有机基础。
7. Human Nutrition and Digestion | 人类营养与消化
Digestion breaks down large insoluble molecules into small soluble ones that can be absorbed. Mechanical digestion (e.g. chewing) increases surface area. Chemical digestion uses enzymes: amylase breaks down starch into maltose; protease breaks proteins into amino acids; lipase breaks lipids into fatty acids and glycerol. Each enzyme works at an optimal pH – amylase in the mouth and small intestine (pH ~7), protease in the stomach (pH ~2) and small intestine (pH ~7). Bile, produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder, emulsifies fats and neutralises stomach acid. Absorption of small molecules occurs mainly in the ileum, where villi increase surface area.
消化将大块不溶性分子分解为可吸收的小分子可溶物。物理消化（如咀嚼）增大表面积。化学消化利用酶：淀粉酶将淀粉分解为麦芽糖；蛋白酶将蛋白质分解为氨基酸；脂肪酶将脂类分解为脂肪酸和甘油。每种酶有其最适 pH——口腔和小肠中的淀粉酶（约 pH 7），胃中的蛋白酶（约 pH 2）和小肠中的蛋白酶（约 pH 7）。肝脏分泌、胆囊储存的胆汁能乳化脂肪并中和胃酸。小分子的吸收主要发生在回肠，其上的绒毛增大了表面积。
Villification of terms: 'villus' (singular) and 'villi' (plural) have a thin epithelium, a lacteal for fat absorption, and a rich capillary network for glucose and amino acid absorption. Remember: 'Fats go to the milky lacteal, sugars and amino acids sail the capillary sea'.
术语辨析：“绒毛”单数为 villus，复数为 villi，具有薄的上皮细胞层、用于吸收脂肪的乳糜管以及吸收葡萄糖和氨基酸的丰富毛细血管网。记法：“脂肪去乳白的乳糜管，糖和氨基酸航行在毛细血管的海洋”。
8. Transport in Plants | 植物运输
w tubes strengthened by lignin. The movement of water through xylem is explained by the transpiration pull – ation) in both directions. Phloem is made of living cells: sieve tube elements and companion cells. Think: 'Xylem = water up' (X for xylem, W for water); 'Phloem = food flows' (Phloem – Food, both with 'F' sound).
木质部和韧皮部是两种运输组织。木质部将水和溶解的矿质离子从根部向上运输到叶片；其导管为死细胞中空管，由木质素加固。水分在木质部中的移动由蒸腾拉力解释——水从叶肉细胞蒸发，产生张力将水向上拉。韧皮部双向运输蔗糖和氨基酸（转运作用）。韧皮部由活细胞构成：筛管分子和伴胞。记忆：“木质部——水向上”（X 形似向上管道）；“韧皮部——食物流动”（Phloem 与 Food 都含“f”音）。
Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from plant leaves. Factors increasing transpiration include higher temperature, lower humidity, increased wind speed and more light. Wilting occurs when water loss exceeds uptake, and the guard cells lose turgor, closing stomata. Remember: 'Wind whips water away, heat hastens loss; humidity holds onto it'.
蒸腾作用是植物叶片散失水蒸气的过程。增加蒸腾速率的因素有：温度升高、湿度降低、风速增大、光照增强。当失水多于吸水时发生萎蔫，保卫细胞失水膨压下降，气孔关闭。记法：“风把水吹跑，热加速散失；湿度则留住水”。
9. Transport in Animals | 动物运输
gs, the left side pumps oxygenated blood to the body. The pathway: vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → body. Arteries carry blood away from the heart (thick muscular walls, high pressure); veins carry blood back (thinner walls, valves); capillaries are one-cell thick for exchange. Blood components: red blood cells (carry oxygen, contain haemoglobin), white blood cells (defence), platelets (clotting), plasma (transports dissolved substances). Helpful phrase: 'Arteries – Away from heart (A-A); Veins – toward heart (V-in)'.
循环系统由心脏、血管和血液组成。心脏是一个双泵：右侧泵送缺氧血到肺部，左侧泵送富氧血到全身。途径：腔静脉 → 右心房 → 右心室 → 肺动脉 → 肺 → 肺静脉 → 左心房 → 左心室 → 主动脉 → 身体。动脉将血液运离心脏（壁厚肌肉发达，高压）；静脉将血液送回心脏（壁薄，有瓣膜）；毛细血管仅一细胞厚，利于物质交换。血液组分：红细胞（携带氧气，含血红蛋白），白细胞（防御），血小板（凝血），血浆（运输溶解物质）。记忆：“Arteries – Away（动脉——运走），Veins – back（静脉——返回）”。
The heartbeat is controlled by the pacemaker (sinoatrial node) in the right atrium. Lymph is tissue fluid that has drained into lymph vessels and eventually returns to the blood. Key terms: 'double circulation' means blood passes through the heart twice in one complete circuit.
心跳由位于右心房的起搏器（窦房结）控制。淋巴是组织液流入淋巴管并最终返回血液的液体。关键术语：“双循环”指血液在一次完整循环中两次经过心脏。
10. Respiration and Gas Exchange | 呼吸与气体交换
Respiration is not breathing – ucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy). Anaerobic respiration in animals produces lactic acid: glucose → lactic acid (+ little energy). In yeast and some plants, anaerobic respiration produces ethanol and carbon dioxide: glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide. The oxygen debt is the extra oxygen needed after anaerobic exercise to break down lactic acid. Remember: 'Aerobic – air needed, high yield; Anaerobic – no air, low yield'.
呼吸作用不是呼吸动作——它是细胞从葡萄糖释放能量的过程，发生在每个活细胞中。有氧呼吸利用氧气完全分解葡萄糖：葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水（+ 能量）。动物无氧呼吸产生乳酸：葡萄糖 → 乳酸（+ 少量能量）。在酵母和某些植物中，无氧呼吸产生乙醇和二氧化碳：葡萄糖 → 乙醇 + 二氧化碳。氧债是剧烈无氧运动后分解乳酸所需的额外氧量。记法：“有氧——需空气，高产出；无氧——无空气，低产出”。
Gas exchange in humans occurs in the alveoli of the lungs. Alveoli have thin walls (one cell thick), a large surface area, moist surface, and a dense capillary network – all adaptations for efficient diffusion. Breathing movements (ventilation) involve the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. Inhalation: diaphragm contracts, flattens; external intercostals contract, ribs move up and out; volume increases, pressure drops. Exhalation is largely passive at rest. Think: 'In comes air when pressure is low; out it goes when high'.
人体的气体交换在肺泡中进行。肺泡壁薄（单细胞厚）、表面积大、表面湿润且有丰富的毛细血管网——这些都是高效扩散的适应特征。呼吸运动（换气）由膈肌和肋间肌完成。吸气：膈肌收缩变平；外肋间肌收缩，肋骨上提外扩；体积增大，压力下降。呼气在静息时基本是被动的。记法：“低压时空气进来，高压时出去”。
11. Excretion and Homeostasis | 排泄与稳态
Excretion removes waste products of metabolism, primarily carbon dioxide (exhaled), urea (formed in liver from excess amino acids, excreted by kidneys), and excess water. The kidneys filter blood via nephrons. In the nephron, ultrafiltration occurs in the glomerulus under high pressure; then selective reabsorption of glucose, some salts and most water happens in the tubule. Urine is the final product stored in the bladder. ADH (antidiuretic hormone) controls water reabsorption in the collecting duct, helping to regulate blood water potential. Think: 'ADH – Adds Da H₂O reabsorption'.
排泄是指移除代谢废物，主要是二氧化碳（呼出）、尿素（肝脏由过量氨基酸生成，由肾排出）和多余的水。肾脏通过肾单位过滤血液。在肾单位中，肾小球在高压下进行超滤作用；随后在肾小管中进行选择性重吸收，回收葡萄糖、部分盐分和大部分水。尿液是存储在膀胱的终产物。抗利尿激素 (ADH) 控制集合管对水的重吸收，调控血液水势。记法：“ADH——添加水的重吸收”。
Homeostasis maintains a constant internal environment. The skin helps by sweating (cooling) and vasodilation/vasoconstriction. The pancreas monitors blood glucose: insulin lowers blood glucose by converting it to glycogen in the liver; glucagon raises blood glucose by breaking down glycogen. Diabetes (Type 1) results from insufficient insulin. A helpful analogy: 'Insulin is the key that lets glucose into the cell's storage room'.
稳态维持一个恒定的内环境。皮肤通过出汗（降温）和血管扩张/收缩参与调节。胰腺监测血糖：胰岛素通过将葡萄糖在肝脏转变为糖原降低血糖；胰高血糖素通过分解糖原升高血糖。1 型糖尿病源于胰岛素不足。类比助记：“胰岛素是钥匙，让葡萄糖进入细胞的储存室”。
12. Reproduction and Inheritance | 生殖与遗传
Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring (clones) from one parent, e.g. binary fission in bacteria, runners in strawberry plants. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes (fertilisation) to produce a zygote with a mix of parental genes. In humans, the male gamete is the sperm (produced in testes), the female gamete is the egg/ovum (produced in ovaries). Fertilisation usually occurs in the oviduct. Pregnancy is supported by the placenta, which allows exchange of nutrients and wastes but prevents mixing of blood. The menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones: oestrogen, progesterone, FSH and LH.
无性生殖由一个亲本产生基因完全相同的后代（克隆），如细菌的二分裂、草莓的匍匐茎。有性生殖涉及雌雄配子的融合（受精），产生一个拥有父母双方基因的合子。人类中，雄配子是精子（睾丸产生），雌配子是卵细胞（卵巢产生）。受精通常发生在输卵管。胎盘支持妊娠，它允许营养和废物的交换却阻止血液混合。月经周期由雌激素、孕激素、促卵泡激素和黄体生成素调控。
Inheritance follows patterns first described by Mendel. A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a protein. Alleles are different versions of a gene. Dominant alleles mask recessive ones. Genotype is the genetic makeup; phenotype is the observable characteristic. A homozygous individual has two identical alleles; heterozygous has two different alleles. Monohybrid crosses can be displayed in Punnett squares. Remember: 'Genotype – Genes; Phenotype – Physical appearance'.
遗传遵循孟德尔首次描述的规律。基因是一段编码蛋白质的 DNA。等位基因是基因的不同版本。显性等位基因掩盖隐性等位基因。基因型是遗传组成；表现型是可观察的特征。纯合子有两个相同等位基因；杂合子有两个不同等位基因。单基因杂交可用庞尼特方格展示。记法：“基因型——基因；表现型——物理外观”。
er cells for growth and repair; meiosis produces haploid gametes for sexual reproduction. A helpful distinction: 'Mitosis – Makes copies (Mi = mirror image); Meiosis – Makes eggs and sperm (Me).'
染色体由 DNA 构成。人类有 23 对：22 对常染色体和 1 对性染色体（XX 女性，XY 男性）。有丝分裂产生相同的子细胞，用于生长和修复；减数分裂产生单倍体配子，用于有性生殖。区分助记：“有丝分裂制造副本 (Mi = mirror image)；减数分裂制造卵和精子 (Me)”。
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