📚 Year 10 SQA Engineering: Core Knowledge Checklist | Year 10 SQA 工程核心知识点梳理
Engineering Science at SQA National 5 level introduces students to a wide range of fundamental concepts, from mechanical and electronic systems to materials and programming. This revision guide consolidates the essential knowledge you need to succeed in your assessments, covering key principles, calculations, and applications. Each topic is broken down into clear, manageable points, with paired English and Chinese explanations to reinforce understanding.
SQA National 5 工程科学课程向学生介绍了从机械和电子系统到材料与编程的广泛基本概念。这份复习指南梳理了在考试中取得成功所需的核心知识，涵盖关键原理、计算和应用。每个主题都分解为清晰、易于掌握的知识点，并配有中英文对照解释以加深理解。
1. Engineering Systems and Analysis | 工程系统与分析
An engineering system consists of interconnected components that work together to perform a task. Systems are classified as open-loop (no feedback) or closed-loop (feedback applied). In a closed-loop system, a sensor measures the output, a comparator finds the error between desired and actual values, and a controller adjusts the input to minimise the error.
工程系统由相互连接的组件组成，这些组件协同工作以执行任务。系统分为开环（无反馈）和闭环（有反馈）。在闭环系统中，传感器测量输出，比较器找出期望值与实际值之间的误差，控制器调整输入以减小误差。
System block diagrams use standard symbols: blocks for subsystems, arrows for signal flow, a summing point (circle with + and -) for comparison, and a feedback path returning a signal to the summing point. Always identify input, process, output, and feedback.
系统方框图使用标准符号：方框表示子系统，箭头表示信号流向，求和点（带 + 和 - 的圆圈）用于比较，以及将信号返回求和点的反馈路径。始终识别输入、处理、输出和反馈。
Common everyday examples include a central heating system (thermostat as sensor, boiler as actuator) and a toaster (timer as control, no feedback). A cruise control system in a car is a classic closed-loop example.
常见的日常例子包括中央供暖系统（恒温器作为传感器，锅炉作为执行器）和烤面包机（定时器作为控制，无反馈）。汽车巡航控制系统是典型的闭环例子。
2. Electronic Fundamentals | 电子学基础
ured in amperes (A). Resistance (R) opposes current flow, measured in ohms (Ω). These three are linked by Ohm's law: V = I × R.
电压（V）是推动电流在电路中流动的电势差，单位为伏特（V）。电流（I）是电荷的流动，单位为安培（A）。电阻（R）阻碍电流流动，单位为欧姆（Ω）。这三者由欧姆定律关联：V = I × R。
In a series circuit, current is the same everywhere, total resistance Rtotal proportionally. In a parallel circuit, voltage is the same across each branch, total resistance is found from 1/Rtotal = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + ..., and current divides.
在串联电路中，各处电流相同，总电阻 Rtotal = R₁ + R₂ + R₃ + ...，电压按比例分配。在并联电路中，各支路电压相同，总电阻由 1/Rtotal = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + ... 求得，电流分流。
red in watts (W). Energy consumption is often measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh): E = P × t.
电功率（P）是能量传递的速率，计算公式为 P = I × V 或 P = I²R 或 P = V²/R。功率单位为瓦特（W）。电能消耗常以千瓦时（kWh）计量：E = P × t。
t two bands give digits, the third is a multiplier, and the fourth is tolerance (gold = ±5%, silver = ±10% ecreases with temperature) and LDRs (resistance decreases with light) are used as sensors.
电阻器使用色环表示其阻值。前两环给出数字，第三环为乘数，第四环为容差（金 ±5%，银 ±10%）。热敏电阻（阻值随温度升高而减小）和光敏电阻（阻值随光照增强而减小）等元件用作传感器。
3. Digital Electronics and Logic Gates | 数字电子与逻辑门
Digital systems use binary signals (0 or 1) to represent off and on states. Logic gates are the building blocks of digital circuits. The fundamental gates are AND, OR, and NOT. Derived gates include NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR.
数字系统使用二进制信号（0 或 1）表示关断和导通状态。逻辑门是数字电路的基本构建单元。基本门为与门（AND）、或门（OR）和非门（NOT）。衍生门包括与非门（NAND）、或非门（NOR）、异或门（XOR）和同或门（XNOR）。
Truth tables show all possible input combinations and the corresponding output. For a two-input AND gate, output is 1 only when both inputs are 1. For OR, output is 1 when at least one input is 1. NOT simply inverts the input.
真值表显示所有可能的输入组合及对应的输出。对于二输入与门，仅当两个输入均为 1 时输出为 1。对于或门，至少一个输入为 1 时输出为 1。非门则将输入取反。
Boolean expressions describe the function: AND is written as A.B or AB, OR as A + B, NOT as A' or Ā. NAND is the complement of AND: (A.B)'. NOR is (A + B)'. XOR is A ⊕ B, giving 1 when inputs differ.
布尔表达式描述功能：与写作 A.B 或 AB，或写作 A + B，非写作 A' 或 Ā。与非是与的非：(A.B)'。或非是或的非：(A + B)'。异或写作 A ⊕ B，当输入不同时输出为 1。
Logic circuits can be simplified using Boolean algebra rules or Karnaugh maps (up to 4 variables). Combining NAND or NOR gates alone can create any logic function, making them universal gates.
可使用布尔代数规则或卡诺图（最多 4 个变量）简化逻辑电路。单独使用与非门或或非门可以实现任何逻辑功能，使它们成为通用门。
| Gate | Symbol Expression | Typical Truth Table (A, B → Out) |
|---|---|---|
| AND | A·B | 00→0, 01→0, 10→0, 11→1 |
| OR | A+B | 00→0, 01→1, 10→1, 11→1 |
| NOT | A' or Ā | 0→1, 1→0 |
| NAND | (A·B)' | 00→1, 01→1, 10→1, 11→0 |
| NOR | (A+B)' | 00→1, 01→0, 10→0, 11→0 |
| XOR | A ⊕ B | 00→0, 01→1, 10→1, 11→0 |
4. Mechanical Systems | 机械系统
Mechanical systems transmit and transform motion and force. Types of motion include linear (straight line), rotary (circular), reciprocating (back-and-forth), and oscillating (swinging). Mechanisms such as levers, linkages, gears, and pulleys alter the magnitude, direction, or type of motion.
机械系统传递并转换运动和力。运动类型包括直线运动、旋转运动、往复运动和摆动。杠杆、连杆、齿轮和带轮等机构可改变运动的大小、方向或类型。
ity ratio (VR) = Effort distance moved / Load distance moved. Efficiency = (MA / VR) × 100% levers: first (fulcrum in middle), second (load in middle), and third (effort in middle).
杠杆是绕支点转动的刚性杆。它提供机械效益 MA = 负载 / 施力。速度比 VR = 施力移动距离 / 负载移动距离。效率 = (MA / VR) × 100%。杠杆分为三类：第一类（支点居中）、第二类（负载居中）和第三类（施力居中）。
ven gear / Number of teeth on driver gear. A ratio > 1 gives speed reduction and torque increase; a ratio < 1 gives speed increase. A simple two-gear system reverses direction; an idler gear maintains direction.
齿轮系传递旋转运动。齿轮比 = 从动轮齿数 / 主动轮齿数。比率 > 1 则减速增扭，比率 < 1 则增速。简单的双齿轮系统反向旋转；惰轮保持方向。
eter of driver pulley. Slip can reduce efficiency. Chain and sprocket systems eliminate slip.
带轮与皮带系统：速度比 = 从动轮直径 / 主动轮直径。打滑会降低效率。链轮系统可消除打滑。
nce from pivot. Units are newton-metres (N m). Turning effect depends on both force and distance.
扭矩 = 力 × 垂直距离。单位为牛顿·米（N m）。转动效果取决于力和距离。
5. Pneumatic and Hydraulic Systems | 气动与液压系统
Pneumatic systems use compressed air to transmit power; hydraulic systems use pressurised liquid (oil). Both can produce linear or rotary actuation via cylinders or motors. Pneumatics are typically used where lighter forces and faster speeds are needed, hydraulics for heavy loads and precise control.
气动系统使用压缩空气传输动力；液压系统使用加压液体（油）。两者均可通过气缸或马达产生直线或旋转驱动。气动通常用于需要较轻力和较快速度的场合，液压用于重载和精确控制。
n a hydraulic system, a small force on a small piston creates pressure that transmits to a larger piston, producing a larger force (Pascal's principle).
压强（P）定义为单位面积上的力：P = F / A。单位是帕斯卡（Pa）或巴（1 bar = 100,000 Pa）。在液压系统中，施加在小活塞上的小力产生压强，传递到大活塞上产生更大的力（帕斯卡原理）。
Standard symbols for components (valves, actuators, filters) are used in circuit diagrams. A 3/2 valve has 3 ports and 2 positions; a 5/2 valve has 5 ports and 2 positions. The valve position determines the air or fluid flow paths.
气动/液压回路图使用标准元件符号（阀、执行器、过滤器）。3/2 阀有 3 个口和 2 个位置；5/2 阀有 5 个口和 2 个位置。阀位决定了空气或液流的路径。
ten measured in litres per minute. System pressure is regulated by a pressure regulator and limited by a relief valve for safety.
流量（Q）= 截面积 × 流速。气动系统中流量常以升每分钟计量。系统压力由调压阀调节，并通过溢流阀限制以确保安全。
6. Structures and Materials | 结构与材料
Structures carry loads and must withstand forces without failure. Types of force include tension (pulling), compression (pushing), shear (sliding), bending, and torsion (twisting). Members in a structure are designed to handle these forces.
结构承载载荷，必须承受力而不失效。力的类型包括拉伸（拉）、压缩（推）、剪切（滑移）、弯曲和扭转。结构中的构件设计用于承受这些力。
Properties of materials: strength (resists force), stiffness (resists deformation), toughness (absorbs energy without breaking), hardness, ductility, brittleness, and conductivity. Selection depends on the application — e.g., steel for high tensile strength, aluminium for lightweight, polymers for insulation.
材料特性：强度（抵抗力）、刚度（抵抗变形）、韧性（吸收能量而不断裂）、硬度、延展性、脆性和导电导热性。选择取决于应用——例如，钢用于高拉伸强度，铝用于轻质，聚合物用于绝缘。
of moments = 0. A simple triangular truss is inherently rigid; other shapes need bracing.
框架中的力可通过平衡分析：竖直力之和 = 0，水平力之和 = 0，力矩之和 = 0。简单的三角形桁架本身具有刚性；其他形状需要支撑。
gn load. It ensures reliability. Composite materials (e.g., reinforced concrete) combine properties to improve performance.
安全系数 = 破坏载荷 / 设计载荷。这确保了可靠性。复合材料（如钢筋混凝土）结合不同特性以提升性能。
7. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功与功率
ed in the direction of the force (W = F × d). Work is measured in joules (J). 1 J = 1 N m.
当力使物体移动时做功：功 = 力 × 沿力方向移动的距离（W = F × d）。功的单位是焦耳（J）。1 J = 1 N m。
astic potential energy. Energy is conserved; it transfers or transforms but is never lost.
能量是做功的能力。形式包括重力势能（Ep = m × g × h）、动能（Ek = ½ × m × v²）和弹性势能。能量守恒；只能传递或转换而不会消失。
d as P = F × v for constant velocity. Efficiency = Useful output power / Input power × 100% (or useful output energy / input energy).
功率是做功的速率：P = W / t，单位为瓦特（W）。1 W = 1 J/s。在机械系统中，恒速时功率也可表示为 P = F × v。效率 = 有用输出功率 / 输入功率 × 100%（或有用输出能量 / 输入能量）。
In fluid or electrical systems, efficiency considers losses like friction or heat. Always express as a percentage.
在流体或电气系统中，效率需考虑摩擦或热量等损失。始终以百分比表示。
8. Microcontrollers and Programming | 微控制器与编程
A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit that reads inputs (sensors), processes data, and activates outputs (motors, LEDs). Common platforms in schools include Arduino and micro:bit. Programs are written in block-based code or simplified C/C++.
微控制器是一种紧凑的集成电路，读取输入（传感器），处理数据并驱动输出（电机、LED）。学校常用的平台包括 Arduino 和 micro:bit。程序使用模块化代码或简化的 C/C++ 编写。
Typical commands: digitalWrite(pin, HIGH/LOW) to turn an output on/off; analogRead(pin) to read a variable voltage; delay(milliseconds) for timing. A program follows a sequence of instructions, often including loops and decisions (if-else).
典型指令：digitalWrite(pin, HIGH/LOW) 打开/关闭输出；analogRead(pin) 读取可变电压；delay(毫秒) 用于定时。程序按照指令序列执行，通常包含循环和判断（if-else）。
Flowcharts use standard symbols: oval for start/end, parallelogram for input/output, rectangle for process, diamond for decision. A closed-loop control program continuously reads a sensor and adjusts an output to maintain a setpoint (e.g., temperature).
流程图使用标准符号：椭圆形表示开始/结束，平行四边形表示输入/输出，矩形表示处理，菱形表示决策。闭环控制程序不断读取传感器并调节输出以维持设定点（例如温度控制）。
Digital and analogue signals: digital has two states (0 and 1), analogue varies continuously (0–5 V typically). An ADC (analogue-to-digital converter) converts analogue sensor values to digital numbers for processing.
数字与模拟信号：数字信号有两种状态（0 和 1），模拟信号连续变化（通常 0–5 V）。模数转换器（ADC）将模拟传感器值转换为数字量供处理。
9. Engineering Drawing and CAD | 工程制图与计算机辅助设计
Technical drawings communicate design ideas clearly. Orthographic projection shows an object from multiple views (front, side, plan) using first or third angle projection. The SQA course typically uses third angle.
技术图纸清晰地传达设计思想。正交投影通过第一角或第三角投影法从多个视图（前视图、侧视图、平面图）展示物体。SQA 课程通常使用第三角投影法。
Dimensions are given in millimetres (mm) without unit symbols. Extension lines, dimension lines, and leader lines must be clear. Scale indicates the ratio of drawing size to actual size, e.g., 1:2 means half size.
尺寸以毫米（mm）为单位给出，不标注单位符号。延伸线、尺寸线和指引线必须清晰。比例表示图纸尺寸与实际尺寸之比，例如 1:2 表示一半大小。
CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software enables precise 2D and 3D modelling. Key features include layers, blocks, and parametric modelling. 3D models can be used for visualisation, stress analysis, and generating manufacturing files (e.g., STL for 3D printing).
CAD（计算机辅助设计）软件可实现精确的二维和三维建模。关键功能包括图层、图块和参数化建模。3D 模型可用于可视化、应力分析以及生成制造文件（例如用于 3D 打印的 STL 文件）。
Standard symbols for components (springs, bearings, welds) follow BS/ISO conventions. A bill of materials (BOM) lists all parts, quantities, and materials.
组件（弹簧、轴承、焊缝）的标准符号遵循 BS/ISO 规范。物料清单（BOM）列出所有零件、数量和材料。
10. Safety, Testing and Quality | 安全、测试与质量
Safe workshop practice includes wearing PPE (goggles, gloves, apron), keeping work areas tidy, and following risk assessments. Electrical safety: isolate power before maintenance, use correct fuse ratings, and never work on live circuits. COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health) regulations apply when using solvents or adhesives.
安全的车间实践包括穿戴个人防护装备（护目镜、手套、围裙），保持工作区域整洁，并遵循风险评估。电气安全：维护前断电，使用正确额定值的保险丝，切勿在通电电路上工作。使用溶剂或粘合剂时需遵守 COSHH（有害物质控制）法规。
Testing verifies a product against its specification. Methods include electrical multimeter testing, mechanical load testing, and software simulation. Data is recorded in tables and graphs, then analysed to identify errors or improvements.
测试用于验证产品是否符合规格。方法包括电气万用表测试、机械负载测试和软件仿真。数据记录在表格和图表中，然后进行分析以发现错误或改进点。
ariation in a dimension, e.g., 25 ± 0.1 mm. Consistency is monitored using control charts.
质量保证（QA）侧重过程；质量控制（QC）检查最终产品。公差规定尺寸允许的变化范围，例如 25 ± 0.1 mm。使用控制图监控一致性。
Failure analysis: identify cause (overload, fatigue, corrosion) and suggest redesign. Sustainability: choose materials with low environmental impact, design for disassembly and recycling.
故障分析：确定原因（过载、疲劳、腐蚀）并提出重新设计建议。可持续性：选择对环境影响小的材料，设计时考虑可拆卸和可回收。
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