📚 SQA PE Terminology Quick Guide | SQA 体育术语速记指南
Understanding key terminology is essential for success in the SQA Physical Education course. This guide provides clear definitions of the most important terms, organised by topic, to help you memorise and apply them confidently in assessments and practical performances. Each term is explained in English and Chinese, making it a valuable revision resource for bilingual learners.
掌握关键术语是在 SQA 体育课程中取得成功的基础。本指南按主题整理了最重要的术语，提供清晰的定义，帮助你在评估和实践表现中自信地记忆和运用。每个术语均以英中双语解释，是双语学习者宝贵的复习资源。
1. Anatomy & Physiology Terminology | 解剖学与生理学术语
These terms relate to the body's systems and how they respond to exercise. Mastering them will help you explain the immediate and long-term effects of physical activity on the body.
这些术语涉及身体系统及其对运动的反应。掌握它们有助于你解释体育活动对身体的即时和长期影响。
Heart Rate: The number of times the heart beats per minute (bpm). It increases during exercise to supply more oxygen to the working muscles.
心率： 心脏每分钟跳动的次数。运动时心率加快，为工作中的肌肉输送更多氧气。
Stroke Volume: The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat. It rises during aerobic activity due to stronger heart contractions.
每搏输出量： 左心室每次搏动泵出的血液量。有氧运动中因心肌收缩增强而增加。
Cardiac Output: ute, calculated as heart rate × stroke volume. It increases significantly during exercise.
心输出量： 心脏每分钟泵出的血液总量，计算公式为心率 × 每搏输出量。运动时显著增加。
Tidal Volume: The amount of air inhaled or exhaled per breath. It deepens during physical activity to enhance gas exchange.
潮气量： 每次呼吸吸入或呼出的空气量。运动时加深以促进气体交换。
Minute Ventilation: ungs per minute (tidal volume × breathing rate). It rises to meet increased oxygen demand.
每分通气量： 每分钟进出肺部的空气量（潮气量 × 呼吸频率）。随需氧量增加而增加。
Aerobic: Exercise that uses oxygen to release energy from carbohydrates and fats. It occurs during moderate-intensity, long-duration activities.
有氧： 利用氧气从碳水化合物和脂肪中释放能量的运动。发生在中等强度、长时间活动中。
Anaerobic: Exercise that releases energy without oxygen, using glucose or glycogen. It supports high-intensity, short bursts of activity.
无氧： 无需氧气、利用葡萄糖或糖原释放能量的运动。支持高强度、短时间爆发性活动。
Lactic Acid: A by-product of anaerobic respiration that can cause muscle fatigue and a burning sensation during intense exercise.
乳酸： 无氧呼吸的副产品，可在剧烈运动时导致肌肉疲劳和灼热感。
Vascular Shunt: The redistribution of blood flow away from organs like the gut and toward the working muscles during exercise.
血管分流： 运动时血液从肠道等器官重新分配到工作肌肉的过程。
2. Movement Skills & Learning | 运动技能与学习
This section covers terms linked to skill development, feedback, and performance improvement. They are crucial for analysing and enhancing practical abilities.
本节涵盖与技能发展、反馈和表现提升相关的术语。它们对于分析和提高实践能力至关重要。
Open Skill: A skill performed in an unpredictable environment where the performer must adapt to changing conditions (e.g., a football pass).
开放式技能： 在不可预测的环境中执行的技能，执行者必须适应变化的条件（例如足球传球）。
Closed Skill: A skill executed in a stable, predictable setting where the performer controls the timing (e.g., a gymnastics vault).
封闭式技能： 在稳定、可预测的环境中执行的技能，执行者可控制时机（例如体操跳马）。
Intrinsic Feedback: Information received directly through the performer's own senses, such as feeling the movement or seeing the outcome.
内在反馈： 通过执行者自身感官直接获得的信息，如感觉动作或看到结果。
Extrinsic Feedback: Information provided by an external source, like a coach, video replay, or performance data.
外在反馈： 由外部来源提供的信息，如教练、视频回放或表现数据。
Knowledge of Performance (KP): Feedback about the quality or technique of the movement itself, not just the result.
表现知识： 关于动作本身质量或技术的反馈，而不仅仅是结果。
Knowledge of Results (KR): Feedback focused on the outcome or success of the action, like scoring a goal or achieving a time.
结果知识： 关注行动结果或是否成功的反馈，如进球或达成的时间。
Transfer of Learning: The effect that learning one skill has on the performance of another skill; can be positive, negative, or neutral.
学习迁移： 学习一种技能对另一种技能表现的影响；可为正迁移、负迁移或无迁移。
3. Principles of Training | 训练原则
These terms explain how to design effective training programmes that lead to improved fitness and performance. They underpin all physical preparation.
这些术语解释了如何设计有效的训练计划以提升体能和表现，是所有体能训练的基础。
Specificity: Training must be tailored to the specific demands of the activity, including the muscle groups, energy systems, and movements used.
专项性： 训练必须针对活动的特定需求，包括所用肌群、供能系统和动作。
Progressive Overload: Gradually increasing the intensity, duration, or frequency of exercise to continue making adaptations.
渐进超负荷： 逐步增加运动强度、时长或频率，以持续获得适应。
Reversibility: The loss of fitness gains when training is stopped or reduced; also known as detraining.
可逆性： 停止或减少训练后体能增益的丧失，也称为停训。
Tedium: Boredom that can occur if training becomes too repetitive; variety helps maintain motivation.
单调性： 训练过于重复时可能产生的厌倦感；多样性有助于保持动机。
FITT Principle: A framework for planning training sessions: Frequency (how often), Intensity (how hard), Time (how long), Type (the activity).
FITT 原则： 计划训练课次的框架：频率（多久一次）、强度（多努力）、时间（多长）、类型（活动形式）。
Rest and Recovery: Essential periods of reduced activity that allow the body to repair and adapt, preventing overtraining and injury.
休息与恢复： 必要的减少活动期，使身体得以修复和适应，防止过度训练与损伤。
4. Components of Fitness | 体能组成部分
Fitness is split into health-related and skill-related components. Knowing these terms supports fitness testing and training design.
体能分为健康相关和技能相关两部分。理解这些术语有助于体能测试和训练设计。
Cardiovascular Endurance: The ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to the muscles during sustained exercise.
心血管耐力： 在持续运动中，心脏和肺部为肌肉供氧的能力。
Muscular Endurance: The capacity of a muscle or muscle group to repeat contractions over time without fatigue.
肌耐力： 一块或一组肌肉在一段时间内重复收缩而不疲劳的能力。
Flexibility: The range of motion available at a joint, influenced by muscle length and elasticity.
柔韧性： 关节的活动范围，受肌肉长度和弹性影响。
Agility: The ability to change direction quickly and accurately while maintaining control.
敏捷性： 快速准确地改变方向同时保持控制的能力。
Balance: The maintenance of centre of mass over the base of support, whether static (still) or dynamic (moving).
平衡： 保持重心在支撑面内，可为静态（静止）或动态（移动）。
Coordination: The smooth integration of multiple body parts to produce effective movement.
协调性： 多个身体部位顺畅配合以产生有效运动的能力。
Power: The combination of strength and speed; the ability to exert maximal force in minimal time.
爆发力： 力量与速度的结合；在最短时间内发挥最大力量的能力。
Reaction Time: The time taken to respond to a stimulus, such as a starting signal or an opponent's move.
反应时： 对刺激做出反应所需的时间，如出发信号或对手动作。
5. Sports Psychology | 运动心理学
Mental factors play a huge role in sporting success. These terms help you discuss motivation, anxiety, and performance strategies.
心理因素在体育成功中起着巨大作用。这些术语有助于你讨论动机、焦虑和表现策略。
Intrinsic Motivation: The drive to participate for personal satisfaction and enjoyment rather than external rewards.
内在动机： 为获得个人满足和乐趣而参与的动力，而非外部奖励。
Extrinsic Motivation: The drive to perform for external rewards such as trophies, praise, or recognition.
外在动机： 为获得奖杯、表扬或认可等外部奖励而表现的动力。
Arousal: The level of mental and physical readiness experienced before and during performance; can be optimal, too low, or too high.
唤醒水平： 表现前后经历的心理和身体准备程度；有最佳、过低或过高之分。
Anxiety: A negative emotional state involving worry and tension that can impair performance if not managed.
焦虑： 一种消极情绪状态，涉及担忧和紧张，若不加管理会损害表现。
Goal Setting: A mental technique that involves setting specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and time-bound (SMART) targets to focus effort.
目标设定： 一种心理技巧，设定具体、可衡量、可实现、现实且有期限（SMART）的目标以集中努力。
Mental Rehearsal: Visualising successful performance in the mind to build confidence and improve focus.
心理演练： 在头脑中想象成功表现以建立信心和改善专注。
Deep Breathing: A relaxation technique using slow, controlled breaths to reduce arousal levels before or during performance.
深呼吸： 一种放松技巧，使用缓慢、有控制的呼吸来降低表现前后的唤醒水平。
6. Data Collection & Analysis | 数据收集与分析
Data helps athletes monitor progress and make informed decisions. Learn the key terms used in fitness testing and performance tracking.
数据帮助运动员监控进展并做出明智决定。学习体能测试和表现追踪中使用的关键术语。
Quantitative Data: Numerical information obtained from measurements, such as time, distance, heart rate, or test scores.
定量数据： 从测量中获得的数值信息，如时间、距离、心率或测试分数。
Qualitative Data: Descriptive, non-numerical information based on observations or personal feedback, like a coach's comments.
定性数据： 基于观察或个人反馈的描述性非数值信息，如教练的评语。
PAR-Q (Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire): A screening tool used to identify any health risks before starting an exercise programme.
体力活动准备问卷： 一种筛查工具，用于在开始运动计划前识别健康风险。
Cooper Run: A 12-minute run test used to estimate cardiovascular endurance by measuring the distance covered.
库珀跑： 一种 12 分钟跑步测试，通过测量跑动距离来评估心血管耐力。
Handgrip Dynamometer Test: A test that measures static strength, particularly in the forearm muscles, using a dynamometer device.
握力计测试： 使用握力计测量静态力量，尤其是前臂肌肉力量的测试。
Sit and Reach Test: A common flexibility assessment measuring the range of motion in the lower back and hamstrings.
坐位体前屈测试： 一种常见的柔韧性评估，测量下背部和腘绳肌的活动范围。
Validity: Whether a test measures what it is intended to measure; a valid test gives accurate and meaningful results.
效度： 测试是否测量了预期目标；有效度的测试给出准确而有意义的结果。
7. Social & Cultural Factors | 社会与文化因素
Sport is influenced by societal attitudes, traditions, and behaviours. These terms help you evaluate fair play, inclusion, and community impact.
体育受社会态度、传统和行为的影响。这些术语助你评估公平竞争、包容性和社区影响。
Sportsmanship: Ethical and fair behaviour, respecting the rules and opponents, and showing grace in victory or defeat.
体育精神： 符合道德和公平的行为，尊重规则与对手，在胜负中展现风度。
Gamesmanship: Bending the rules without breaking them to gain an advantage, often pushing boundaries of fair play.
钻规则空子： 在不违反规则的情况下利用规则获取优势，常挑战公平竞争的界限。
Etiquette: Unwritten codes of conduct that are traditional in a sport, such as shaking hands after a match.
礼仪： 体育中传统的、不成文的行为准则，如赛后握手。
Role Model: A person whose behaviour is imitated by others; in sport, elite performers can inspire participation and values.
榜样： 行为被他人效仿的人；在体育中，精英选手可激励参与和传递价值观。
Inclusion: Ensuring that all individuals, regardless of background or ability, have equal opportunities to take part in sport.
包容性： 确保所有个体，不论背景或能力，都有平等机会参与体育。
Stereotyping: Oversimplified and often biased ideas about certain groups that can discourage participation in particular sports.
刻板印象： 对某些群体的过于简化且常带偏见的看法，可能阻碍特定运动的参与。
8. Injury & Prevention | 运动损伤与预防
Understanding injury types and immediate care is vital for safe participation. Use these terms to describe causes, symptoms, and treatments.
理解损伤类型和即时处理对安全参与至关重要。用这些术语描述原因、症状和处理方法。
Sprain: Damage to a ligament, often caused by overstretching. Symptoms include pain, swelling, and joint instability.
扭伤： 韧带损伤，常由过度拉伸引起。症状包括疼痛、肿胀和关节不稳定。
Strain: Injury to a muscle or tendon, often due to overuse or sudden force. It can result in pain and limited movement.
拉伤： 肌肉或肌腱损伤，常因过度使用或突然发力所致。可导致疼痛和活动受限。
RICE Protocol: Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation - an immediate treatment method for soft tissue injuries to reduce swelling and pain.
RICE 原则： 休息、冰敷、加压、抬高——软组织损伤的即时处理方法，以减轻肿胀和疼痛。
Concussion: A traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head, leading to symptoms like confusion, dizziness, and memory loss.
脑震荡： 由头部撞击引起的创伤性脑损伤，导致混乱、头晕和记忆丧失等症状。
Warm Up: Low-intensity activity followed by dynamic stretching, preparing the body physically and mentally for exercise and reducing injury risk.
热身： 低强度活动后接的动态拉伸，为身体和思想准备运动，降低受伤风险。
Cool Down: Gentle exercise and static stretching after activity to gradually lower heart rate and remove waste products.
整理活动： 运动后的低强度练习和静态拉伸，逐步降低心率并清除代谢废物。
9. Nutrition & Hydration | 营养与水分
Fuel and fluid intake directly impact performance and recovery. These terms cover macronutrients, hydration strategies, and dietary timing.
燃料和液体摄入直接影响表现和恢复。这些术语涵盖宏量营养素、补水策略和膳食时机。
Carbohydrates: The body's main energy source during high-intensity exercise. Stored as glycogen in muscles and liver.
碳水化合物： 高强度运动时身体的主要能量来源，以糖原形式储存在肌肉和肝脏中。
Proteins: Essential for muscle repair and growth; important after exercise to support recovery.
蛋白质： 对肌肉修复和生长至关重要；运动后摄入有助于恢复。
Fats: A concentrated energy source used during low-intensity, long-duration activities; also protect organs and insulate.
脂肪： 在低强度长时间活动中使用的浓缩能量，还有保护器官和保温作用。
Hydration: Maintaining adequate fluid levels in the body. Even slight dehydration can impair concentration and physical performance.
补水： 维持体内充足水分。即使是轻微脱水也会损害注意力和身体表现。
Glycogen Loading: A strategy used by endurance athletes to maximise muscle glycogen stores before an event by adjusting diet and tapering training.
糖原负荷法： 耐力运动员通过调整饮食和减少训练，在赛前最大化肌糖原储备的策略。
Pre-event Meal: A meal consumed 2-4 hours before competition, rich in carbohydrates and low in fat and fibre to aid digestion and energy supply.
赛前餐： 赛前 2-4 小时摄入的一餐，富含碳水化合物，低脂低纤维以助消化和供能。
10. Evaluation & Feedback | 评估与反馈
Effective evaluation allows you to identify strengths, weaknesses, and next steps. These terms help structure your analysis and improvement process.
有效评估可帮助你识别优势、弱点和下一步计划。这些术语有助于构建分析和改进过程。
Strengths: Areas of performance where the individual excels; identified through observation, data, and comparison to criteria.
优势： 个人表现突出的领域，通过观察、数据以及与标准对比来识别。
Weaknesses: Areas that need development; they limit overall performance and should be prioritised in training.
弱点： 需要发展的领域；它们限制整体表现，应在训练中优先处理。
Development Plan: A structured plan outlining goals, actions, and timeframes to improve identified weaknesses using the principles of training.
发展计划： 结构化计划，列出改善已识别弱点的目标、行动和时间框架，运用训练原则。
Monitoring: Regularly checking progress through fitness tests, skill assessments, or training diaries to see if the plan is working.
监控： 通过体能测试、技能评估或训练日记定期检查进展，以确认计划是否有效。
Rearrangement of Feedback: A coaching technique where feedback is delayed to encourage the performer to self-analyse and use intrinsic feedback first.
反馈重置： 一种教练技巧，延迟提供反馈以鼓励执行者先自我分析，使用内在反馈。
Performance Profiling: A graphical or written tool that maps an athlete's current fitness and skill levels against ideal standards to guide training.
表现轮廓分析： 一种图形或文字工具，将运动员当前体能和技能水平与理想标准对照，以指导训练。
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