📚 Year 10 CIE Physics: Rapid Memorisation Guide for Key Terms | Year 10 CIE 物理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the vocabulary of physics is essential for success in the Year 10 CIE Physics course. Key terms are not just words – they are the building blocks of every concept, equation, and exam question you will ever face. This guide presents a selection of must‑know terms organised by topic, together with simple memory tricks to help you learn them fast and use them correctly under pressure. Each section pairs English explanations with clear Chinese translations, so you can connect the terminology to your own understanding. Work through one section at a time, and soon these terms will feel like a second language.
掌握物理词汇是在 Year 10 CIE 物理课程中取得好成绩的关键。这些关键术语不仅仅是单词，更是你将会遇到的每一个概念、每一个方程以及每一道考题的基石。本指南按主题整理了一系列必知的术语，并附带了简单的记忆技巧，帮助你快速掌握并在考试压力下正确运用。每一个小节都用英文解释配合清晰的中文翻译，让你能够将术语与自身的理解联系起来。一次攻克一个小节，不久之后，这些术语就会成为你的第二天性。
1. Base Quantities and SI Units | 基本量与 SI 单位
Length is measured in metres (m). Think of a metre stick – it is roughly the distance from your nose to the tip of your outstretched arm. Mass is measured in kilograms (kg); do not confuse it with weight. Imagine a bag of sugar: about 1 kg. Time uses seconds (s). Say "one‑Mississippi" to count one second. Electric current is measured in amperes or amps (A). An LED needs only about 0.02 A. Temperature in Kelvin (K) starts at absolute zero. Add 273 to Celsius to get Kelvin: a warm day at 25 °C is 298 K. Amount of substance mol). One mole contains 6.02 × 10²³ particles. Group the seven base units with a mnemonic: Lazy Man Takes Kangaroos And Lots – Length, Mass, Time, electric current, Temperature, Amount, Luminous intensity.
长度的单位是米（m）。想想一把米尺——大概就是从你的鼻子到伸直的手臂指尖的距离。质量的单位是千克（kg）；不要把它和重量混淆。想象一袋白糖：大约 1 kg。时间使用秒（s）。你可以念一声“一密西西比”来数出一秒。电流的单位是安培或安（A）。一个 LED 灯大约只需要 0.02 A。温度的单位是开尔文（K），起点是绝对零度。将摄氏度加上 273 就得到开尔文温度：一个 25 °C 的暖和日子相当于 298 K。物质的量的单位是摩尔（mol）。1 摩尔包含 6.02 × 10²³ 个粒子。用一个助记口诀记住七个基本量（英文首字母）：Lazy Man Takes Kangaroos And Lots – 长度、质量、时间、电流、温度、物质的量、发光强度。
2. Motion and Kinematics | 运动与运动学
Displacement is the straight‑line distance in a given direction – a vector. If you walk 3 m east then 4 m west, your displacement is 1 m west, not 7 m. Speed is how fast an object moves; it is a scalar: speed = distance ÷ time. Velocity is speed in a specific direction. A car going 30 m/s north has that velocity. Acceleration s, acceleration is (11 − 5) ÷ 3 = 2 m/s². Use the SUVAT equations for uniform acceleration – l. Picture a runner with a stopwatch: speed is on the watch, velocity needs a compass too.
位移是给定方向上的直线距离——它是一个矢量。如果你先向东走 3 米，再向西走 4 米，你的位移是向西 1 米，而不是 7 米。速率描述物体运动的快慢；它是标量：速率 = 距离 ÷ 时间。速度是带有特定方向的速率。一辆以 30 m/s 向北行驶的汽车就具有那个速度。加速度是速度的变化率：a = Δv ÷ t。如果一位骑自行车的人在 3 秒内从 5 m/s 加速到 11 m/s，加速度就是 (11 − 5) ÷ 3 = 2 m/s²。对于匀加速运动，可以使用 SUVAT 方程——记住 v = u + at 是你的第一个工具。想象一位拿着秒表的跑步者：速率在秒表上，而速度还需要一个指南针。
3. Forces and Newton’s Laws | 力与牛顿定律
Force is a push or pull, measured in newtons (N). One newton is roughly the weight of a small apple. Mass is the amount of matter; weight is the gravitational force on that mass: W = m × g, where g ≈ 9.8 N/kg on Earth. Inertia states that a resultant force is needed to change velocity. The Second Law gives F = m × a – an equal and opposite reaction: push a wall, the wall pushes you back. To remember: First‑Law‑Inertia, Second‑F=ma, Third‑ ing cart: empty cart accelerates easily (small m), full cart requires more push (large F).
力是一种推或拉，单位是牛顿（N）。1 牛顿大约是一个小苹果的重量。质量是物体所含物质的多少；重量是由于重力作用在该质量上的力：W = m × g，在地球上 g ≈ 9.8 N/kg。惯性是物体抵抗运动状态变化的倾向。牛顿第一定律指出，需要合外力才能改变速度。第二定律给出 F = m × a ——如果质量加倍，要获得相同的加速度就需要加倍的力。第三定律说，每一个作用力都有一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力：推墙，墙也推你。记忆口诀：第一定律——惯性，第二定律——F=ma，第三定律——成对出现。想象一辆购物手推车：空车容易加速（m 小），装满东西的车需要更大的推力（F 大）。
4. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功与功率
Kinetic energy (KE) is the energy of motion: KE = ½ m v². A doubling of speed quadruples the KE. Gravitational potential energy (PE) g h. If you lift a book of mass 2 kg onto a 1.5 m shelf, PE gain = 2 × 9.8 × 1.5 ≈ 29.4 J. Work done en a force moves an object: W = F × d. Pushing a box with 10 N over 5 m does 50 J of work. Power ork: P = W ÷ t, measured in watts (W). A lamp converting 120 J in 2 s has a power of 60 W. Efficiency ul output energy ÷ total input energy, often expressed as a percentage. Visualise a roller‑ x PE at the top, max KE at the bottom, work done by the motor, power = how fast it climbs.
动能（KE）是物体由于运动而具有的能量：KE = ½ m v²。速度加倍，动能变为原来的四倍。重力势能（PE）是由于高度而储存的能量：PE = m g h。如果你把一本质量为 2 kg 的书举到 1.5 m 高的书架上，势能增加量 = 2 × 9.8 × 1.5 ≈ 29.4 J。做功是指当一个力使物体移动时所传递的能量：W = F × d。用 10 N 的力把一个箱子推过 5 m 的距离，就做了 50 J 的功。功率是做功的速率：P = W ÷ t，单位是瓦特（W）。一盏灯在 2 秒内转化了 120 J 的能量，它的功率就是 60 W。效率 = 有用的输出能量 ÷ 总输入能量，通常用百分比表示。想象一座过山车：顶部势能最大，底部动能最大，马达做功，功率则反映它爬升的快慢。
5. Thermal Physics | 热物理
Temperature measures how hot or cold an object is; it relates to the average kinetic energy of particles. Heat, or thermal energy, is the total internal energy that flows from a warmer object to a cooler one. Internal energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energies of all particles. Specific heat capacity (c) by 1 °C: Q = m c Δθ. Water has a high c (4200 J/(kg °C)), which is why oceans warm slowly. Specific latent heat (L) m L. Melting ice needs latent heat of fusion; boiling water needs latent heat of vaporisation. Conduction happens in solids via vibrating particles, convection in fluids via density changes, radiation can travel through vacuum as infrared. Link these: hot soup – metal spoon gets hot by conduction, liquid rises by convection, you feel warmth by radiation.
温度衡量物体的冷热程度；它与粒子的平均动能有关。热量，或叫热能，是从较热物体流向较冷物体的总内能。内能是所有粒子的动能和势能的总和。比热容（c）是指使 1 kg 的物质温度升高 1 °C 所需要的能量：Q = m c Δθ。水的比热容很大（4200 J/(kg °C)），这就是为什么海洋升温缓慢。比潜热（L）是每千克物质在温度不变时改变状态所需的能量：Q = m L。冰熔化需要熔化潜热；水沸腾需要汽化潜热。传导通过振动的粒子在固体中发生，对流通过密度变化在流体中发生，辐射可以以红外线的形式穿越真空。把这些联系起来：一碗热汤——金属调羹通过传导变热，液体通过对流上升，你通过辐射感受到暖意。
6. Waves Basics | 波的基础
Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. Transverse waves have vibrations perpendicular to the direction of energy travel – light and water ripples are examples. Longitudinal waves have vibrations parallel to energy flow – sound and seismic P‑waves are longitudinal. Amplitude is the maximum displacement from the rest position; larger amplitude means more energy. Wavelength (λ) is the distance between two consecutive crests or compressions. Frequency (f), measured in hertz (Hz), is the number of waves passing a point per second. Period (T) is the time for one complete wave: T = 1 / f. The wave speed magine shaking a rope up and down: rapid shaking gives high f, big sweeps give large amplitude. Crest to crest is λ.
波传递能量而不传递物质。横波的振动方向与能量传播方向垂直——光和水的涟漪都是例子。纵波的振动方向与能量传播方向平行——声音和地震 P 波都是纵波。振幅是从平衡位置到最大位移的距离；振幅越大，能量越大。波长（λ）是两个相邻波峰或两个相邻密部之间的距离。频率（f）的单位是赫兹（Hz），表示每秒通过某一点的波的数量。周期（T）是完成一次完整振动所需的时间：T = 1 / f。波速方程将它们联系起来：v = f λ。想象上下晃动一根绳子：快速晃动产生高频率，大幅度的挥动产生大振幅。从波峰到波峰的距离就是 λ。
7. Light and Sound | 光与声
Reflection obeys the law: angle of incidence equals angle of reflection, measured from the normal. Refraction is the bending of light when it enters a medium of different optical density. Refractive index (n) ht goes from denser to less dense medium, it speeds up and bends away from the normal. The critical angle is the angle of incidence that makes the angle of refraction 90°. Total internal reflection occurs when i > critical angle – this is how optical fibres work. For sound, pitch is related to frequency: higher f means higher pitch. Loudness depends on amplitude. Echo is a reflected sound wave. A simple trick: SONAR uses sound reflection; mirror uses light reflection. Refraction makes a straw look bent in water.
反射遵守定律：入射角等于反射角，均从法线量起。折射是光进入不同光密度介质时发生的弯曲。折射率（n） = sin i / sin r。当光从光密介质射向光疏介质时，它的速度加快并偏离法线。临界角是使折射角为 90° 的入射角。当入射角大于临界角时，发生全内反射——这是光纤的工作原理。对于声音，音调与频率有关：频率越高，音调越高。响度取决于振幅。回声是反射回来的声波。一个简单的记忆法：声呐利用声音反射；镜子利用光反射。折射让吸管在水中看起来像是弯折了。
8. Electricity | 电学
Current (I) is the flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). One amp is one coulomb per second. Voltage (V) or potential difference is the energy per unit charge; think of it as the “push” that moves electrons. Resistance (R) is how much a component resists current flow, measured in ohms (Ω). Ohm’s Law links them: V = I × R – at constant temperature, current is directly proportional to voltage. Series circuits have the same current everywhere; total resistance sums: Rtotal = R₁ + R₂ + … Parallel circuits have the same voltage across each branch; total resistance is given by 1/Rtotal ough pipes: current is the flow rate, voltage is the pressure difference, resistance is the narrowness of the pipe.
电流（I）是电荷的流动，单位是安培（A）。1 安培就是每秒钟流过 1 库仑的电荷。电压（V）或电势差是单位电荷所具有的能量；可以把它想象成推动电子移动的“推压”。电阻（R）是元器件对电流阻碍作用的量度，单位是欧姆（Ω）。欧姆定律将它们联系起来：V = I × R ——在温度不变的情况下，电流与电压成正比。串联电路中电流处处相等；总电阻是各电阻之和：R总 = R₁ + R₂ + … 并联电路中每条支路的电压相等；总电阻由 1/R总 = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ 计算。电路中的功率为 P = I × V，传递的能量为 E = I V t。想象水在管道中流动：电流相当于水流速率，电压相当于水压差，电阻相当于管道的狭窄程度。
9. Magnetism and Electromagnetism | 磁学与电磁学
Magnetic field lines run from north to south poles. A permanent magnet always has a north and south pole. An electromagnet is created by passing current through a coil – its magnetism can be switched on and off. The motor effect occurs when a current‑carrying wire placed in a magnetic field experiences a force. Use Fleming’s left‑hand rule: thuMb = Motion (force), First finger = Field, seCond finger = Current. Electromagnetic induction is the generation of a voltage when a conductor cuts magnetic field lines – the basis of generators and dynamos. The transformer changes voltage levels: Vp/Vs = Np/Ns. A simple memory: motor uses electricity to make motion; generator uses motion to make electricity. Left‑hand for motors, right‑hand for generators (Fleming’s rules).
磁场线从北极指向南极。永磁体总是同时具有北极和南极。让电流通过线圈就可以做成一个电磁铁——它的磁性可以接通和断开。电动机效应发生在载流导线置于磁场中受到力的时候。使用弗莱明左手定则：thuMb（拇指）= 运动（力），First finger（食指）= 磁场，seCond finger（中指）= 电流。电磁感应是指当导体切割磁感线时产生电压的现象——这是发电机和直流发电机的基础。变压器可以改变电压等级：Vp/Vs = Np/Ns。简单的记忆方法：电动机利用电产生运动；发电机利用运动产生电。左手用于电动机，右手用于发电机（弗莱明定则）。
10. Atomic Physics | 原子物理
An atom consists of a tiny central nucleus containing protons (positive) and neutrons (neutral), with electrons (negative) orbiting around it. Nearly all the mass is in the nucleus, but most of the volume is empty space. Atomic number (Z) = number of protons, determines the element. Mass number (A) = protons + neutrons. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Radioactivity comes from unstable nuclei. Alpha particles (α) are helium nuclei – very ionising but stopped by paper. Beta particles (β) are fast electrons – stopped by few mm of aluminium. Gamma rays (γ) are electromagnetic waves – very penetrating, reduced by thick lead or concrete. Half‑life is the time for half the radioactive nuclei to decay. A mnemonic for penetration: Alpha – Paper, Beta – Aluminium (or Plastic), Gamma – Lead (or concrete). Remember “APBAGL”: Alpha Paper, Beta Aluminium, Gamma Lead.
一个原子由位于中心微小的原子核和围绕它运动的电子（带负电）组成，原子核中包含质子（带正电）和中子（不带电）。几乎所有的质量都集中在原子核上，但大部分体积都是空的空间。原子序数（Z） = 质子数，决定了元素种类。质量数（A） = 质子数 + 中子数。同位素是同一种元素中中子数不同的原子。放射性来自于不稳定的原子核。α 粒子是氦原子核——电离能力很强，但能被纸张挡住。β 粒子是高速电子——几毫米厚的铝片就能将其挡住。γ 射线是电磁波——穿透力很强，需要厚铅板或混凝土才能减弱。半衰期是放射性原子核衰减一半所需的时间。关于穿透力的记忆口诀：Alpha – 纸，Beta – 铝（或塑料），Gamma – 铅（或混凝土）。记住“APBAGL”：Alpha Paper, Beta Aluminium, Gamma Lead。
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