📚 SQA Philosophy Vocabulary Quick Memorisation Guide | SQA 哲学词汇术语速记指南
Mastering philosophical vocabulary is the first step to unlocking complex ideas in your SQA Year 10 Philosophy course. This guide groups essential terms into thematic clusters and offers quick memory tricks, so you can recall definitions, spot them in exam questions, and use them confidently in your essays. Each term is explained in plain English first, followed by a Chinese explanation to reinforce understanding.
掌握哲学词汇是理解 SQA 十年级哲学课程中复杂概念的第一步。本指南将核心术语分组为几个主题板块，并提供快速记忆技巧，帮助你回想定义、在考题中识别它们并在论文中自信地使用。每个术语先用通俗的英文解释，再配以中文说明，强化理解。
1. Arguments: Premise & Conclusion | 论证：前提与结论
In philosophy, an argument is not a heated quarrel but a structured set of statements. A premise is a statement that provides a reason or evidence; a conclusion is the statement that the premises are intended to support. For example: 'All humans are mortal (premise). Socrates is a human (premise). Therefore, Socrates is mortal (conclusion).' The symbol ∴ means 'therefore' and often signals a conclusion.
在哲学中，论证不是激烈的争吵，而是一组有结构的陈述。前提是提供理由或证据的陈述；结论是前提所要支持的陈述。例如："所有人都会死（前提）。苏格拉底是人（前提）。所以，苏格拉底会死（结论）。" 符号 ∴ 表示 "所以"，常用来标示结论。
Memory trick for Premise: Think of 'premise' as a 'promise' you give before drawing a main point. It is like the foundation stones under a house.
前提记忆法：把 'premise' 想成你作出主要观点之前的 '承诺'，就像房屋下面的基石。
Memory trick for Conclusion: 'Conclusion' contains 'conclude', and a good conclusion closes the reasoning loop. In a detective story, the conclusion is the final reveal.
结论记忆法：'结论' 一词含有 '终结' 之意，一个好的结论会闭合推理的环路。在侦探故事里，结论就是最后的揭晓。
2. Validity & Soundness | 有效性与可靠性
An argument is valid if, assuming all premises are true, the conclusion must be true. Validity is about logical structure, not factual truth. An argument is sound if it is both valid and all its premises are actually true. Consider this valid but unsound argument: 'All cats are dogs. All dogs are reptiles. Therefore, all cats are reptiles.' The logic flows, but the premises are false.
一个论证是有效的，当且仅当假设所有前提为真时，结论必然为真。有效性关乎逻辑结构，而非事实真假。一个论证是可靠的，当且仅当它既有效，且所有前提在现实中也为真。试看这个有效但不可靠的论证："所有的猫都是狗。所有的狗都是爬行动物。因此，所有的猫都是爬行动物。" 逻辑流畅，但前提为假。
Quick memo: correct format) versus a valid ticket for a show that really exists (sound = valid ticket + real event).
速记：有效性 = 如果前提为真，结论必然随之成立。可靠性 = 有效性 + 前提为真。想象一张形式正确的门票（有效），对比一张形式正确且那场演出真实存在的门票（可靠 = 有效门票 + 真实演出）。
3. Logical Fallacies | 逻辑谬误
A fallacy is a flaw in reasoning that weakens an argument. Recognising fallacies helps you critique bad arguments. Three common fallacies in SQA Philosophy are:
谬误是推理中的缺陷，会削弱论证的力量。识别谬误有助于你批判不良论证。SQA 哲学中常见的三种谬误有：
Ad hominem: Attacking the person making the argument instead of the argument itself. 'You can't trust her view on climate change because she failed science at school.'
人身攻击：攻击提出论证的人，而不是论证本身。"你不能相信她对气候变化的看法，因为她上学时科学不及格。"
Straw man: Misrepresenting someone's argument to make it easier to attack. 'My opponent wants to reduce military spending. She wants to leave the country defenceless!'
稻草人：歪曲对方的论证，使其更容易被攻击。"我的对手想削减军费，她想让国家无还手之力！"
False dilemma: Presenting only two extreme options when more exist. 'Either you support the government's policy completely, or you are an enemy of the state.'
虚假两难：只给出两个极端选项，而实际上存在更多选择。"你要么完全支持政府的政策，要么就是国家的敌人。"
Memory aid: Ad hominem sounds like 'add home-in-' – attacking the person's home life, not the logic. Straw man is a scarecrow; you build a fake opponent. False dilemma forces you to choose between two closed doors.
记忆助手：Ad hominem 听起来像 "add home-in-" —— 攻击对方的家庭生活，而非逻辑。Straw man 是稻草人，你树立了一个假对手。虚假两难逼你在两扇紧闭的门之间选择。
4. Rationalism vs Empiricism | 理性主义与经验主义
Rationalism holds that reason is the primary source of knowledge, and some ideas are innate. Key thinker: René Descartes, who argued 'I think, therefore I am' (Cogito, ergo sum). Empiricism claims that all knowledge comes from sensory experience; the mind is a blank slate (tabula rasa) at birth. John Locke is a classic empiricist.
理性主义认为理性是知识的主要来源，有些观念是天生的。代表人物：勒内·笛卡尔，他论证"我思故我在"。经验主义主张所有知识都来自感官经验；心灵在出生时是一块白板。约翰·洛克是典型的经验主义者。
Memory trick – Rationalism: 'Ratio' nk of doing maths: you can work out 2+2=4 just by reasoning, without touching any objects.
理性主义记忆法：单词里有 'Ratio'（拉丁语"理性"）。想想做数学：只需推理就能算出2+2=4，无需触碰任何物体。
Memory trick – Empiricism: 'Empiric' sounds like 'experience'. Empire builders went out to see and touch the world. Empiricism says go and gather your evidence through the senses.
经验主义记忆法：'Empiric' 听起来像 'experience'（经验）。帝国建造者走出去看世界、触碰世界。经验主义说：去通过感官收集证据吧。
5. Scepticism | 怀疑论
Scepticism is the view that we cannot have certain knowledge. The radical sceptic claims we could be dreaming or be a brain in a vat, so we know nothing for sure. A moderate sceptic simply urges us to question our beliefs carefully. The key question: 'Can we trust our senses?'
怀疑论认为我们无法获得确定的知识。极端的怀疑论者声称我们可能是在做梦，或是缸中之脑，因此我们什么都无法确信。温和的怀疑论者只是提醒我们要谨慎地质疑自己的信念。关键问题是："我们能信任自己的感官吗？"
Quick memo: 'Sceptic' shares the same root as 'sceptre' (a rod of authority)? No, but you can remember that a sceptic always carries a question mark sceptre, challenging claims. Alternatively, think of 'sceptic tank' – a tank that shoots down unjustified beliefs.
速记：'Sceptic' 与 'sceptre'（权杖）同根吗？不，但你可以记住一个怀疑论者总是手持一个问号权杖，挑战各种主张。或者联想 'sceptic tank'（怀疑坦克），它击落未经证实的信念。
6. Utilitarianism | 功利主义
Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that judges actions by their consequences: the morally right action is the one that produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Jeremy Bentham proposed a 'hedonic calculus' to measure pleasure and pain. John Stuart Mill refined the theory, distinguishing higher and lower pleasures.
功利主义是一种后果论的伦理学理论：道德上正确的行为，就是能为最大多数人带来最大幸福的行为。杰里米·边沁提出"快乐计算法"来衡量快乐与痛苦。约翰·斯图尔特·密尔改进了该理论，区分了高级快乐和低级快乐。
Memory trick: 'Utility' means usefulness. Utilitarianism asks, 'What use is it for making people happy?' Imagine a utility belt like Batman's, but every gadget maximises public happiness.
记忆法：'Utility' 意为有用。功利主义在问："它对让人们幸福有什么用处？" 想象一条像蝙蝠侠那样的多功能腰带，但每个小工具都为了最大化公众幸福。
7. Deontology (Kantian Ethics) | 道义论（康德伦理学）
Deontology is duty-based ethics. Immanuel Kant argued that moral actions are those performed out of duty, not for consequences. The moral law is determined by the 'categorical imperative': Act only according to that maxim which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. Never treat people merely as a means to an end.
道义论是基于义务的伦理学。伊曼努尔·康德主张，道德行为是那些出于义务而做出的行为，而不是为了后果。道德法则由"绝对命令"决定：只按照你同时能够愿意它成为普遍法则的准则去行动。永远不要把别人仅仅当作手段。
Memory trick: 'Deontology' comes from Greek 'deon' (duty). Think of a 'deon'-don for mafia duty – but replace it with moral duty. The categorical imperative is categorical like a 'catalogue' of universal rules you must follow without exception.
记忆法：'Deontology' 源自希腊语 'deon'（义务）。想象一位坚守道德任务的 'duty-don'（义务爵士）。绝对命令就像一份必须无条件遵守的普遍规则 'catalogue'（目录）。
8. Moral Relativism & Absolutism | 道德相对主义与绝对主义
Moral relativism claims that moral truths are relative to culture, society, or individual preference; there is no objective right or wrong. Moral absolutism holds that certain actions are right or wrong regardless of circumstances or cultural beliefs, often grounded in divine command or natural law.
道德相对主义声称道德真理是相对于文化、社会或个人偏好而言的；不存在客观的对与错。道德绝对主义则认为某些行为不管情境或文化信念如何，都是对或错的，通常基于神圣命令或自然法。
Quick memo – Relativism: 'Relative' means it depends. Your preference for chocolate ice cream is relative; relativists say morals are like taste. Absolutism has 'absolute' – no exceptions. Law of gravity is absolute; moral absolutists think stealing is always wrong.
速记——相对主义：'相对' 意味着视情况而定。你对巧克力冰淇淋的偏好是相对的；相对主义者认为道德好比口味。绝对主义里有 '绝对'——没有例外。重力法则是绝对的；道德绝对主义者认为偷窃永远是错的。
9. The Problem of Evil | 恶的问题
The Problem of Evil challenges belief in an all-powerful, all-loving God. If God is omnipotent and benevolent, why does evil exist? Evil is often divided into moral evil (caused by human free will, like murder) and natural evil (caused by nature, like earthquakes). A theodicy is an attempt to justify God's goodness despite evil, such as Augustine's free will defence or Irenaeus' soul-making theodicy.
恶的问题对全能、全爱的上帝信仰提出了挑战。如果上帝既全能又仁慈，为什么还会有邪恶存在？恶通常分为道德恶（由人的自由意志引起，如谋杀）和自然恶（由自然引起，如地震）。神义论是一种试图在恶存在的情况下为上帝的善辩护的理论，例如奥古斯丁的自由意志辩护或爱任纽的灵魂塑造神义论。
Memory tip: The problem of evil creates a triangle of inconsistency: God's power, God's goodness, and evil's existence cannot all be true. Theodicy sounds like 'theo' (God) + 'dice' (justify). Roll the dice to explain God's ways.
记忆提示：恶的问题构成了一个不一致三角：上帝的能力、上帝的善、恶的存在三者不能同时为真。神义论 'theodicy' 听起来像是 'theo'（神）+ 'dice'（辩护）。掷骰子来为上帝之道辩护。
10. Free Will, Determinism & Compatibilism | 自由意志、决定论与相容论
Free will is the ability to choose and act without external constraint. Determinism is the view that every event, including human actions, is causally determined by prior events. Hard determinists claim free will is an illusion. Compatibilism (soft determinism) argues that free will is compatible with determinism: you are free as long as you act according to your own desires, even if those desires are determined.
自由意志是指在没有外在强制的情况下进行选择和行动的能力。决定论认为每个事件，包括人类行为，都是由先前的事件因果决定的。强硬决定论者声称自由意志是一种幻觉。相容论（软决定论）主张自由意志与决定论是相容的：只要你按照自己的欲望行动，即使这些欲望是被决定的，你也是自由的。
Memory aid – Determinism: Think of a 'determined' chain of dominoes. Each fall is determined by the previous one. Compatibilism combines 'compatible'; free will and determinism can live together like roommates in the same flat.
记忆助手——决定论：想象一副 '被决定的' 多米诺骨牌链。每一次倒下都由前一个决定。相容论包含了 '相容'；自由意志与决定论可以像同一间公寓里的室友一样共同生活。
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