📚 Year 10 OCR Engineering: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Learn Guide | 工程术语速记指南
Mastering technical vocabulary is the first step to thinking like an engineer. In this guide, we break down the essential terms for Year 10 OCR Engineering into bite‑sized English–Chinese pairs, with clear definitions, real‑world examples, and memory hooks that make revision far more efficient. Whether you are preparing for an exam or just want to build a solid foundation, the structured approach below will help you recall and use these words with confidence.
掌握专业术语是像工程师一样思考的第一步。在本指南中，我们将 OCR 十年级工程学的核心术语拆解成短小精悍的英中配对，配以清晰的定义、实际示例和记忆技巧，让复习变得高效许多。无论你是在备考还是想打下扎实基础，下面的结构化方法都能帮你自信地回忆和运用这些词汇。
1. Core Materials | 核心材料
Ferrous metal: A metal that contains iron, making it magnetic and generally prone to rust unless protected. Common examples are low‑carbon steel, cast iron, and stainless steel (which resists corrosion thanks to chromium).
黑色金属：含铁的金属，有磁性，通常容易生锈（除非经过保护）。常见例子有低碳钢、铸铁和不锈钢（由于含铬而耐腐蚀）。
Non‑ferrous metal: A metal that does not contain iron. These materials are often lighter, corrosion‑resistant, and non‑magnetic. Aluminium, copper, zinc, and brass are widely used in wiring, plumbing, and lightweight structures.
有色金属：不含铁的金属。这类材料通常较轻、耐腐蚀且无磁性。铝、铜、锌和黄铜广泛用于电线、管道和轻质结构。
Thermoplastic: A polymer that softens when heated and hardens when cooled – a process that can be repeated. Acrylic, ABS, and polypropylene are popular examples. Think “thermo‑” for heat, “plastic” for pliable.
热塑性塑料：加热时变软、冷却时变硬的聚合物，这一过程可重复进行。常见例子有亚克力、ABS 和聚丙烯。记法：“thermo‑”表示热量，“plastic”表示可塑。
Thermosetting plastic: A polymer that undergoes a chemical change when heated and cannot be remoulded. Once set, it stays rigid. Urea formaldehyde and epoxy resin are typical thermosets; once baked, they stay hard.
热固性塑料：加热时发生化学变化且无法重新塑形的聚合物。一旦固化就会保持刚性。脲醛树脂和环氧树脂是典型的热固性塑料；一旦烘烤定型就永远坚硬。
Composite material: A combination of two or more distinct materials designed to achieve properties superior to the individual components. Glass‑reinforced plastic (GRP) and carbon‑fibre composites are famous for their strength‑to‑weight ratios.
复合材料：由两种或多种截然不同的材料组合而成，旨在获得优于单一组分的性能。玻璃钢（GRP）和碳纤维复合材料以其出色的强度重量比而闻名。
2. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Casting: Pouring molten metal or liquid plastic into a mould cavity, then allowing it to solidify. Sand casting and die casting are common variants. Remember: the mould dictates the final shape.
铸造：将熔融金属或液态塑料注入模腔，然后让其凝固。砂型铸造和压力铸造是常见的变体。记住：模具决定最终形状。
Forging: Shaping metal by applying compressive forces while it is hot (or sometimes cold). Forged parts, like crankshafts and spanners, have improved grain structure and are tougher than cast equivalents.
锻造：在金属处于热态（有时是冷态）时施加压力进行成形。锻造零件（如曲轴和扳手）改善了晶粒结构，比铸造件更坚韧。
Milling: A rotary cutting tool removes material from a stationary workpiece to create flat surfaces, slots, or complex profiles. CNC milling adds automated control, making the process highly accurate.
铣削：旋转刀具从固定的工件上去除材料，形成平面、槽或复杂轮廓。数控铣削加入了自动控制，使加工精度极高。
Turning: The workpiece rotates while a cutting tool moves linearly to produce cylindrical shapes. This process is performed on a lathe and is ideal for shafts, bushes, and pulleys.
车削：工件旋转，刀具做直线运动，从而加工出圆柱形状。这一过程在车床上进行，非常适合制作轴、衬套和皮带轮。
Welding: Joining two metal pieces by melting their edges and adding a filler material. MIG, TIG, and arc welding are common in engineering workshops. Strong, permanent joints are the result.
焊接：通过熔化金属件的边缘并添加填充材料将其连接起来。MIG、TIG 和电弧焊在工程车间很常见。结果是坚固的永久性接头。
3. Electronics Basics | 电子基础
Resistor: A passive component that limits current flow. Its resistance is measured in ohms (Ω). Use the colour‑code mnemonic “Big Brown Rabbits Often Yield Great Big Vocal Groans When Gingerly Slapped” for 0–9 bands.
电阻器：限制电流的无源元件，阻值以欧姆（Ω）为单位。可用色彩代码口诀“棕红橙黄绿蓝紫灰白”帮助记忆 0–9 的色环。
Capacitor: Stores electric charge temporarily and then releases it when needed. Capacitance is measured in farads (F), usually much smaller values like µF. Think of a tiny rechargeable battery.
电容器：暂时储存电荷并在需要时释放。电容的单位是法拉（F），实际常用微法（µF）等更小的单位。可以把它想像成微型充电电池。
Diode: Allows current to flow in one direction only, like a one‑way valve for electricity. Light‑emitting diodes (LEDs) convert electrical energy into light and are used as indicators.
二极管：只允许电流单向流通，就像电力的单向阀。发光二极管（LED）将电能转化为光，常用作指示灯。
Transistor: Can act as a switch or an amplifier. It has three terminals: base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base controls a larger current between collector and emitter.
晶体管：可用作开关或放大器。有三个引脚：基极、集电极和发射极。基极的小电流控制集电极与发射极之间的大电流。
PCB (Printed Circuit Board): A board with copper tracks that connect electronic components without messy wires. The components are soldered onto pads, making circuits compact and reliable.
印刷电路板（PCB）：带有铜导线的板子，可连接电子元件而无需杂乱电线。元件焊接到焊盘上，使电路紧凑又可靠。
4. Mechanical Components | 机械部件
Gear: A toothed wheel that transmits torque and changes speed or direction. A driver gear and a driven gear form a simple gear train; the gear ratio determines whether output speed increases or torque multiplies.
齿轮：带有齿的轮子，可传递扭矩并改变速度或方向。主动轮和从动轮构成简单的齿轮系；传动比决定了输出速度增加还是扭矩增大。
Pulley: A wheel with a groove that holds a rope or belt, used to lift loads or transmit motion. A block and tackle system gives a mechanical advantage, making it easier to raise heavy objects.
滑轮：带槽的轮子，可容纳绳子或皮带，用于提升重物或传递运动。滑轮组系统可提供机械效益，使抬起重物变得更容易。
Lever: A rigid bar pivoted on a fulcrum. The position of the effort, load, and fulcrum classifies levers into three types. Scissors and crowbars are everyday examples of levers in action.
杠杆：绕支点转动的刚性杆。根据力、负载和支点的位置可分为三类杠杆。剪刀和撬棍就是我们熟悉的杠杆实例。
Bearing: A device that reduces friction between moving parts and supports rotating shafts. Ball bearings, roller bearings, and plain bearings all extend the life of machinery by limiting wear.
轴承：减少运动部件之间的摩擦并支撑旋转轴的装置。滚珠轴承、滚柱轴承和滑动轴承都能通过减少磨损来延长机器寿命。
Spring: An elastic component that deforms under load and returns to its original shape when the load is removed. Coil springs store energy; leaf springs are used in vehicle suspension.
弹簧：弹性元件，受载变形，卸载后恢复原状。螺旋弹簧储存能量；钢板弹簧用于车辆悬架。
5. Measurement & Tolerance | 测量与公差
Vernier caliper: A precision instrument that measures internal, external, and depth dimensions. It typically reads to 0.02 mm. The main scale and sliding vernier scale together give a very accurate reading.
游标卡尺：一种精密量具，可测量内径、外径和深度，通常读数精度为 0.02 mm。主尺与游标尺配合使用，能获得非常精确的读数。
Micrometer: Even more precise than a vernier caliper, a micrometer can measure tiny distances to 0.01 mm or finer. It uses a calibrated screw mechanism for top‑end accuracy.
千分尺：比游标卡尺更精密，可测到 0.01 mm 甚至更精细的尺寸。它借助经过校准的螺杆机构实现顶级精度。
Tolerance: m, it can be between 19.9 mm and 20.1 mm. Tight tolerances are crucial for parts that must fit together.
公差：尺寸允许的变动范围。如果一根轴标注为 20 mm ± 0.1 mm，那么它可以在 19.9 mm 至 20.1 mm 之间。对于需要配合的零件，小公差至关重要。
Fit: The relation between two mating parts – clearance, transition, or interference. A clearance fit always has a gap; an interference fit requires force to assemble because the shaft is larger than the hole.
配合：两个配对零件之间的关系——间隙配合、过渡配合或过盈配合。间隙配合始终有间隙；过盈配合需要施加外力才能装配，因为轴比孔大。
Go/No‑Go gauge: A quick‑pass inspection tool. The “go” end must enter the hole freely; the “no‑go” end must not. If a part passes both tests, it is within tolerance. Simple but effective.
通止规：一种快速检测工具。“通端”必须能自由进入孔内，“止端”则不能。若零件通过两项测试，则处于公差范围内。简单但高效。
6. Forces & Motion | 力与运动
Force: A push or pull measured in newtons (N). Gravity, friction, tension, and compression are all forces that engineers must calculate to ensure structures and machines stay safe.
力：推或拉的作用，以牛顿（N）为单位。重力、摩擦力、张力和压缩力都是工程师必须计算的力，以确保结构和机器的安全。
Mass vs Weight: (N). On Earth, weight ≈ mass × 10 m/s². Never mix these up in an engineering calculation.
质量与重量：质量是物质的数量（kg）；重量是由重力产生的力（N）。在地球上，重量 ≈ 质量 × 10 m/s²。工程计算中千万别把它们搞混。
Stress: tches; compressive stress squashes. The formula is σ = F/A. Think of pulling a rubber band – that’s tension stress.
应力：单位面积上的内力，单位是帕斯卡（Pa）或 N/m²。拉应力使材料拉伸；压应力使材料压缩。公式为 σ = F/A。想像一下拉橡皮筋，那就是拉伸应力。
Strain: The deformation produced by stress, expressed as a ratio (extension/original length). It has no units. Beyond the elastic limit, a material will not return to its original shape.
应变：应力导致的变形，用比值（伸长量/原长）表示，无单位。超过弹性极限后，材料就不会恢复原状。
Moment: force × perpendicular distance (Nm). When moments are balanced, a lever is in equilibrium – a key principle in statics.
力矩：力绕支点产生的转动效应，等于力 × 垂直距离（Nm）。当力矩平衡时，杠杆处于平衡状态——这是静力学的一个关键原理。
7. Engineering Design Process | 工程设计流程
Design brief: A clear statement of the problem to be solved, the client’s needs, and the constraints (time, budget, materials). Without a tight brief, the design process drifts aimlessly.
设计概要：清晰陈述待解决的问题、客户需求以及限制条件（时间、预算、材料）。没有严谨的概要，设计过程就会漫无目的。
Specification: A detailed list of measurable criteria the final product must meet – dimensions, weight, power, cost. It becomes the yardstick against which solutions are judged.
规格：详细列出最终产品必须满足的可衡量标准——尺寸、重量、功率、成本等。它成为评判方案的标尺。
Iterative design: A cyclic process of prototyping, testing, evaluating, and refining. Each loop brings the design closer to the ideal. Engineers rarely get it right on the first attempt.
迭代设计：一个由原型制作、测试、评估和改进组成的循环过程。每轮循环都让设计向理想状态靠近。工程师很少一次就做对。
CAD (Computer‑Aided Design): Software used to create precise 2D and 3D models. It allows virtual testing, realistic rendering, and easy modification before any physical part is made.
CAD（计算机辅助设计）：用于创建精确的 2D 和 3D 模型的软件。它可以在制作任何实体零件之前进行虚拟测试、逼真渲染和轻松修改。
Modelling: Building a scaled or full‑size representation to test appearance, ergonomics, or function. Card, foam, or 3D‑printed models give early feedback and save money.
模型制作：构建比例或全尺寸模型以测试外观、人机工程学或功能。纸板、泡沫或 3D 打印模型能提供早期反馈并节省成本。
8. Tools & Equipment | 工具与设备
Hacksaw: A fine‑toothed saw with interchangeable blades, used for cutting metal and plastic. The blade tension must be correctly adjusted, and cutting strokes should be long and steady.
钢锯：带有可更换锯条的细齿锯，用于切割金属和塑料。锯条张力必须调节适当，锯切行程应长而稳。
Centre punch: A pointed tool used to mark the position for drilling. A sharp tap with a hammer creates a small indentation that guides the drill bit and stops it wandering.
中心冲：用于标记钻孔位置的尖头工具。用锤子敲击一下，做出小凹痕，引导钻头，防止其滑动。
Engineer’s square: An L‑shaped precision tool for checking right angles and marking lines perpendicular to an edge. Accuracy depends on the square’s blade and stock being true.
直角尺：L 形精密工具，用于检查直角以及划出与边缘垂直的线。其精度取决于尺身和尺座的精确程度。
File: A hardened steel tool with rows of teeth used to smooth and shape metal. Cross‑filing and draw‑filing are two basic techniques. Files are graded by cut: bastard, second‑cut, and smooth.
锉刀：带有成排齿纹的淬硬钢工具，用于修整和成形金属。交叉锉削和推锉是两种基本技法。锉刀按齿纹粗细分为粗齿、中齿和细齿。
Bench vice: A mechanical clamp fixed to a workbench. It holds workpieces securely during sawing, filing, or drilling. Use soft jaws to protect finished surfaces from damage.
台虎钳：固定在工作台上的机械夹具。在锯切、锉削或钻孔时牢牢夹持工件。使用软钳口可以保护已加工表面不受损伤。
9. CAD/CAM & ICT | 计算机辅助设计与制造及信息技术
CAM (Computer‑Aided Manufacture): The use of computers to control machine tools such as CNC routers, mills, and lathes. The CAD model is converted into G‑code that instructs the machine’s movements.
CAM（计算机辅助制造）：使用计算机控制机床，如数控铣床、车床。CAD 模型转化为 G 代码，指挥机器的运动。
CNC (Computer Numerical Control): The automation of machine tools via programmed commands. CNC machines offer unmatched repeatability and are essential for mass production of precision parts.
CNC（计算机数字控制）：通过编程指令实现机床自动化。数控机床具有无可匹敌的重复精度，是批量生产精密零件的重要设备。
Rapid prototyping: Quickly creating a physical model from a CAD file, often using 3D printing (additive manufacturing). Layers of material are built up until the object is complete.
快速原型制造：从 CAD 文件快速创建实体模型，常采用 3D 打印（增材制造）。材料一层层堆积，直到物体成型。
Simulation: Digital testing of a design under virtual loads and conditions. Finite element analysis (FEA) shows where stresses concentrate, helping engineers reinforce weak spots before manufacturing.
仿真：在虚拟载荷和条件下对设计进行数字化测试。有限元分析（FEA）显示应力集中的位置，帮助工程师在制造前加固薄弱部位。
Data logging: Using sensors to record variables like temperature, force, or speed over time. The collected data can be graphed and analysed to improve a product or process.
数据记录：使用传感器记录温度、力或速度等变量随时间的变化。收集到的数据可绘制图表并加以分析，以改进产品或工艺。
10. Quick Memorisation Techniques | 快速记忆技巧
Acronyms: Turn the first letters of a list into a memorable word or phrase. For example, “FPST” can remind you of Ferrous, Plastic, Spring, Thermoplastic – four material categories. Or use “CAMPS” for Cutting, Assembly, Moulding, Pressing, Shaping.
首字母缩略词：把一系列词的首字母变成一个易记的单词或短语。例如，“FPST”可以提醒你黑色金属、塑料、弹簧、热塑性塑料——四种材料类别。也可以用“CAMPS”代表切割、装配、模塑、冲压、成形。
Mnemonics for colour codes: The resistor colour code “0–9” can be memorised with “Black Beetles Running Over Your Garden Bring Very Good Weather” (Black=0, Brown=1, Red=2…). Make your own that sticks in your mind.
色彩代码助记：电阻色码“0–9”可以用“黑棕红橙黄绿蓝紫灰白”来记。创造一个能让你记住的句子，把它植入脑海。
Word roots: Many engineering terms come from Latin or Greek. “Hydro” means water (hydraulic), “thermo” means heat (thermoplastic, thermometer), “phot” means light (photodiode). Spotting roots helps you decode unfamiliar words.
词根法：许多工程术语源于拉丁语或希腊语。“Hydro”表示水（液压），“thermo”表示热（热塑、温度计），“phot”表示光（光电二极管）。识别词根有助于解读陌生词汇。
Flashcards with images: On one side, write the term; on the other, draw a simple sketch and the definition in your own words. Visual association strengthens recall, especially for tools and components.
带图的抽认卡：一面写术语，另一面画简图并用你自己的话写出定义。视觉联想能增强记忆，尤其对工具和部件而言。
Teach someone else: Explain five new terms to a friend or family member using everyday analogies. If you can make someone understand “torque” as “twisting force”, you truly know it yourself.
教给别人：用日常类比的方式向朋友或家人解释五个新术语。如果你能让别人把“扭矩”理解为“旋转力”，那就说明你自己真的懂了。
Published by TutorHao | Engineering Revision Series | aleveler.com
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