📚 Year 10 SQA Spanish: Quick-Reference Formula & Theorem Handbook | Year 10 SQA 西班牙语：公式定理速查手册
In SQA National 5 Spanish, grammar structures can be seen as reusable 'formulae' that allow you to build sentences accurately. Just like in maths, mastering each 'theorem' helps you transform a basic strand of vocabulary into a fluent, correct expression. This handbook collects the essential verb conjugation patterns, pronoun placements, comparative structures and other key 'equations' that you can apply in reading, writing, speaking and listening tasks.
在 SQA National 5 西班牙语中，语法结构就像可重复使用的“公式”，帮助你准确构建句子。如同数学一样，掌握每一个“定理”能将简单词汇串成流畅正确的表达。本手册汇集了必备的动词变化模型、代词位置规则、比较结构和其他关键“方程”，适用于阅读、写作、口语和听力各项任务。
1. Present Tense Regular Verbs: The Base Formula | 现在时规则动词：基础公式
The present tense describes what happens, what someone does, or what is happening. For regular verbs, the formula is: stem + ending. The stem is the infinitive without -ar, -er or -ir. The endings depend on the group and the person.
现在时描述正在发生或通常发生的事。规则动词的公式为：词干 + 词尾。词干是去掉 -ar、-er 或 -ir 的不定式部分。词尾取决于动词类别和人称。
| Subject | -ar (hablar) | -er (comer) | -ir (vivir) |
|---|---|---|---|
| yo | hablo | como | vivo |
| tú | hablas | comes | vives |
| él/ella/usted | habla | come | vive |
| nosotros/nosotras | hablamos | comemos | vivimos |
| vosotros/vosotras | habláis | coméis | vivís |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes | hablan | comen | viven |
The present tense also functions as the 'present continuous' in many contexts: Estudio español can mean 'I study Spanish' or 'I am studying Spanish'. No auxiliary is needed for simple statements; the formula alone carries the meaning.
现在时在许多语境下也相当于“现在进行时”：Estudio español 既可理解为“我学习西班牙语”，也可为“我正在学习西班牙语”。简单陈述中无需助动词，公式本身即承载含义。
2. Stem-Changing Verbs: Modified Formulae | 词干变化动词：修正公式
Many common verbs undergo a vowel change in the stem in certain persons. The three patterns are: e → ie, o → ue, and e → i. The change affects all singular forms and the third-person plural — but not the nosotros and vosotros forms.
许多常用动词在某些人称发生词干元音变化。三种模式为：e → ie、o → ue 和 e → i。变化影响所有单数人称及第三人称复数，但不影响 nosotros 和 vosotros 形式。
| Infinitive | Stem change | yo/tú/él/ellos form | nosotros form |
|---|---|---|---|
| pensar (to think) | e → ie | pienso, piensas, piensa, piensan | pensamos |
| dormir (to sleep) | o → ue | duermo, duermes, duerme, duermen | dormimos |
| pedir (to ask for) | e → i | pido, pides, pide, piden | pedimos |
The 'formula' here is: take the stem, apply the prescribed vowel change where required, then add regular endings. Memorising the change pattern is like learning a small set of exceptions to the main 'theorem'.
此处的“公式”为：取词干，在要求处应用规定的元音变化，然后添加规则词尾。记住变化模式就如同学习主要“定理”的一组小例外。
3. Ser and Estar: The Two 'To Be' Equations | Ser 和 Estar：两个“是”的方程式
Spanish divides the English 'to be' into two separate verbs governed by clear conditions. The 'Ser' formula is used for permanent identity, origin, time, and essential characteristics. The 'Estar' formula applies to temporary states, locations, and conditions.
西班牙语将英语的“to be”分为两个由明确条件支配的动词。“Ser”公式用于永久身份、来源、时间和本质特征。“Estar”公式适用于暂时状态、位置和状况。
| Subject | Ser | Estar |
|---|---|---|
| yo | soy | estoy |
| tú | eres | estás |
| él/ella/usted | es | está |
| nosotros/nosotras | somos | estamos |
| vosotros/vosotras | sois | estáis |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes | son | están |
The rule can be expressed as: Identity/Origin/Time → Ser; Location/Condition/Emotion → Estar. Some adjectives change meaning depending on the verb, e.g. ser aburrido (to be boring) vs estar aburrido (to be bored). Always check which 'equation' fits the intended meaning.
规则可表示为：身份/来源/时间 → Ser；位置/状况/情绪 → Estar。部分形容词随动词不同而含义变化，例如 ser aburrido（令人厌烦）与 estar aburrido（感到无聊）。务必核对哪个“方程式”符合所需含义。
4. Immediate Future: IR + a + Infinitive Formula | 近将来时：IR + a + 不定式公式
To talk about what someone is going to do, we use the formula IR (conjugated) + a + infinitive. This is one of the most reliable 'plug-and-play' constructs in Spanish.
要表达某人将要做某事，我们使用公式 IR（变位）+ a + 不定式。这是西班牙语中最可靠的“即插即用”结构之一。
Voy a estudiar. (I am going to study.)
Voy a estudiar.（我打算学习。）
Vas a comer. (You are going to eat.)
Vas a comer.（你打算吃饭。）
Vamos a salir. (We are going to go out.)
Vamos a salir.（我们要出门。）
Make sure to conjugate IR correctly: voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van. The main verb remains in the infinitive; it never changes. This formula avoids the need to memorise a separate future tense conjugation for beginners.
务必正确变位 IR：voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van。主要动词保持不定式不变。该公式让初学者无需额外记忆独立的将来时变位。
5. Preterite Tense: The Completed Action Theorem | 简单过去时：已完成动作定理
The preterite is used for actions that were completed at a definite point in the past. Regular verbs follow a clear pattern, which replaces the present endings with the preterite endings shown below.
简单过去时用于在过去明确时间点完成的动作。规则动词遵循清晰模式，用以下词尾替换现在时词尾。
| Subject | -ar (hablar) | -er/-ir (comer/vivir) |
|---|---|---|
| yo | hablé | comí / viví |
| tú | hablaste | comiste / viviste |
| él/ella/usted | habló | comió / vivió |
| nosotros/nosotras | hablamos | comimos / vivimos |
| vosotros/vosotras | hablasteis | comisteis / vivisteis |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes | hablaron | comieron / vivieron |
Common time markers that signal the preterite include ayer, anoche, la semana pasada, el año pasado. Using these with the correct conjugation forms a complete 'past event formula'.
常见时间标记如 ayer（昨天）、anoche（昨晚）、la semana pasada（上周）和 el año pasado（去年）。将它们与正确变位结合，就构成了完整的“过去事件公式”。
6. Imperfect Tense: The Description & Habit Theorem | 未完成过去时：描写与习惯定理
The imperfect describes ongoing or habitual past actions, background settings, time, age, and emotional states. Its characteristic endings make it easily recognisable.
未完成过去时描述持续或习惯性的过去动作、背景场景、时间、年龄和情绪状态。其特有的词尾使它容易辨认。
| Subject | -ar (hablar) | -er/-ir (comer/vivir) |
|---|---|---|
| yo | hablaba | comía / vivía |
| tú | hablabas | comías / vivías |
| él/ella/usted | hablaba | comía / vivía |
| nosotros/nosotras | hablábamos | comíamos / vivíamos |
| vosotros/vosotras | hablabais | comíais / vivíais |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes | hablaban | comían / vivían |
Imperfect triggers: todos los días, siempre, de niño/a, mientras. Pairing this 'formula' with the preterite is essential for storytelling: Imperfecto sets the scene, pretérito advances the plot.
未完成过去时的触发词：todos los días（每天）、siempre（总是）、de niño/a（小时候）、mientras（当……时）。将这一“公式”与简单过去时搭配是叙事的关键：未完成时铺设背景，简单过去时推进情节。
7. Reflexive Verbs: The Self-Referential Formula | 自复动词：自我指涉公式
Reflexive verbs indicate that the subject performs an action on itself. The formula is: reflexive pronoun + conjugated verb. The infinitive ends in -se (e.g. lavarse).
自复动词表示主语对自身执行动作。公式为：自复代词 + 变位动词。不定式以 -se 结尾（如 lavarse）。
| Subject | Reflexive pronoun | Example: levantarse |
|---|---|---|
| yo | me | me levanto |
| tú | te | te levantas |
| él/ella/usted | se | se levanta |
| nosotros/nosotras | nos | nos levantamos |
| vosotros/vosotras | os | os levantáis |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes | se | se levantan |
When the reflexive verb is used with an infinitive or gerund, the pronoun either attaches to the end or stays before the conjugated verb: Voy a levantarme / Me voy a levantar. Both are valid rearrangements of the same formula.
自复动词与不定式或副动词连用时，代词可附于末尾或置于变位动词前：Voy a levantarme / Me voy a levantar。两者均为同一公式的有效重新排列。
8. Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns: Simplifying the Equation | 直接与间接宾语代词：简化等式
Object pronouns replace nouns to avoid repetition. The direct object answers 'what?' or 'whom?'; the indirect answers 'to whom?' or 'for whom?'.
宾语代词替代名词以避免重复。直接宾语回答“什么？”或“谁？”；间接宾语回答“给谁？”或“为谁？”。
| Direct object pronouns | Indirect object pronouns |
|---|---|
| me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las | me, te, le, nos, os, les |
Placement rule: pronouns go before the conjugated verb or attached to an infinitive/gerund. When both appear, indirect comes before direct, and le/les changes to se before lo/la/los/las: Se lo di (I gave it to him/her).
放置规则：代词放在变位动词之前或附于不定式/副动词之后。两者同现时，间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后，且 le/les 在 lo/la/los/las 前变为 se：Se lo di（我把它给了他/她）。
9. Comparatives and Superlatives: More, Less, Most Equations | 比较级和最高级：更多、更少、最的等式
Comparatives follow this basic equation: más/menos + adjective/adverb/noun + que (more/less ... than). For superlatives, use el/la/los/las + más/menos + adjective + de.
比较级遵循基本等式：más/menos + 形容词/副词/名词 + que（比……更/更不）。最高级使用 el/la/los/las + más/menos + 形容词 + de。
Más alta que (taller than): Ella es más alta que yo.
Más alta que（比……高）：Ella es más alta que yo.（她比我高。）
Menos interesante que (less interesting than): El libro es menos interesante que la película.
Menos interesante que（不如……有趣）：El libro es menos interesante que la película.（这本书不如电影有趣。）
El más grande de (the biggest of): Madrid es la ciudad más grande de España.
El más grande de（……中最大的）：Madrid es la ciudad más grande de España.（马德里是西班牙最大的城市。）
Irregular comparatives must be memorised as exceptions to the formula: bueno → mejor, malo → peor, viejo → mayor, joven → menor. Treat these as special 'theorems' that override the standard pattern.
不规则比较级需作为公式的例外来记忆：bueno → mejor, malo → peor, viejo → mayor, joven → menor。将其视作超越标准模式的特殊“定理”。
10. Gustar and Similar Verbs: The Reverse Construction Theorem | Gustar 及类似动词：反向结构定理
The verb gustar does not mean 'to like' in a direct way; it works like 'to be pleasing to'. The formula is: indirect object pronoun + gusta/gustan + the thing liked. The subject of the sentence is the thing liked, not the person.
动词 gustar 并非直接表示“喜欢”，而是类似“令……喜欢”。公式为：间接宾语代词 + gusta/gustan + 被喜欢的事物。句子的主语是被喜欢的事物，而非人。
| Pronoun | Form of gustar | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Me | gusta/gustan | I like |
| Te | gusta/gustan | You (singular) like |
| Le | gusta/gustan | He/She/You (formal) likes |
| Nos | gusta/gustan | We like |
| Os | gusta/gustan | You (plural) like |
| Les | gusta/gustan | They/You (plural) like |
Use gusta for singular nouns or infinitives, and gustan for plural nouns: Me gusta el chocolate (I like chocolate); Me gustan los deportes (I like sports). Other verbs that follow this pattern include encantar, interesar, doler.
单数名词或不定式前用 gusta，复数名词用 gustan：Me gusta el chocolate（我喜欢巧克力）；Me gustan los deportes（我喜欢运动）。遵循此模式的还有 encantar, interesar, doler 等。
11. Formal Commands: The Polite Instruction Formula | 正式命令式：礼貌指令公式
Formal commands (usted/ustedes) are formed by taking the yo form of the present tense, dropping the -o, and adding the opposite vowel: -e/-en for -ar verbs, -a/-an for -er/-ir verbs. This formula also applies to negative informal commands.
正式命令（usted/ustedes）的构成：取现在时 yo 形，去掉 -o，添加相反的元音：-ar
Published by TutorHao | Year 10 西班牙语 Revision Series | aleveler.com
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