📚 Year 10 SQA Computing Science: Core Knowledge Review | Year 10 SQA 计算机：核心知识点梳理
This article covers the essential topics for Year 10 (National 5) SQA Computing Science, providing a structured review of key concepts. It is designed to help you consolidate your understanding of data representation, computer systems, networks, databases, web design, programming, computational thinking, security, and the wider impact of computing.
本文涵盖了 Year 10 (National 5) SQA 计算机科学的核心主题，对关键概念进行系统梳理。旨在帮助你巩固对数据表示、计算机系统、网络、数据库、网页设计、编程、计算思维、安全以及计算社会影响的理解。
1. Data Representation | 数据表示
All data inside a computer is stored as binary digits (bits). A bit can be 0 or 1. 8 bits form a byte, which is the smallest addressable unit in most systems.
计算机内部所有数据都以二进制数字（位）存储。一位可以是 0 或 1。8 位组成一个字节，是大多数系统中最小的可寻址单元。
(MB), gigabyte (GB) and terabyte (TB). In computing, 1 KB = 1024 bytes because 2¹⁰ = 1024.
更大的单位包括千字节（KB）、兆字节（MB）、吉字节（GB）和太字节（TB）。在计算机中，1 KB = 1024 字节，因为 2¹⁰ = 1024。
Converting between binary (base 2) and decimal (base 10) is a core skill. For example, the decimal number 57 is written as 111001 in binary.
二进制（基数为 2）与十进制（基数为 10）之间的转换是核心技能。例如，十进制数 57 用二进制表示为 111001。
2 + 16 + 8 + 1 = (1 × 2⁵) + (1 × 2⁴) + (1 × 2³) + (0 × 2²) + (0 × 2¹) + (1 × 2⁰) = 111001₂
Text is represented using character encoding schemes such as ASCII (7 bits, 128 characters) and Unicode (up to 32 bits, covering global scripts). Each character is assigned a unique binary code.
文字使用字符编码方案表示，如 ASCII（7 位，128 个字符）和 Unicode（最多 32 位，涵盖全球文字）。每个字符分配一个唯一的二进制代码。
Bit-depth determines the number of colours in an image or sound levels in audio. A higher bit-depth (e.g. 24-bit) gives superior quality but larger file size.
位深度决定图像中颜色的数量或音频中的声音等级。更高的位深度（如 24 位）带来更好的质量，但文件也更大。
Vector graphics store shapes as mathematical descriptions (points, lines, curves), so they scale without losing quality, while bitmap graphics store a grid of pixels.
矢量图形以数学描述（点、线、曲线）存储形状，因此缩放时不会失真；而位图图形存储像素网格。
2. Computer Architecture | 计算机体系结构
A computer system follows the Von Neumann architecture, where data and instructions share the same memory and are fetched, decoded and executed sequentially.
计算机系统遵循冯·诺依曼体系结构，数据与指令共享同一内存，并按照取指、解码、执行的顺序进行处理。
The processor (CPU) contains the control unit (CU), the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and registers such as the program counter (PC) and accumulator (ACC).
处理器（CPU）包含控制单元（CU）、算术逻辑单元（ALU）以及程序计数器（PC）和累加器（ACC）等寄存器。
The fetch-execute cycle runs continuously: the address in PC is sent to memory, the instruction is fetched into the current instruction register, then the CU decodes and the ALU executes it.
取指-执行周期不断运行：PC 中的地址被送至内存，指令被取入当前指令寄存器，然后 CU 译码并由 ALU 执行。
Main memory (RAM) is volatile and holds currently running programs and data. ROM is non-volatile and stores the boot program (BIOS/UEFI).
主存（RAM）是易失性的，保存当前运行的程序和数据。ROM 是非易失性的，存储引导程序（BIOS/UEFI）。
Cache memory is a small, high-speed memory located close to the CPU, used to store frequently accessed data and instructions to reduce the time taken to access main memory.
高速缓存是靠近 CPU 的小容量高速存储器，用于存放频繁使用的数据与指令，以减少访问主存的时间。
Input devices such as keyboard, mouse and sensors feed data into the computer; output devices such as monitor, printer and speakers present results.
输入设备如键盘、鼠标和传感器将数据送入计算机；输出设备如显示器、打印机和扬声器呈现结果。
3. Software and Operating Systems | 软件与操作系统
System software includes the operating system (OS) and utility programs that manage hardware and provide common services. Application software performs specific user tasks (e.g. word processor).
系统软件包括操作系统（OS）和管理硬件并提供通用服务的实用程序。应用软件执行特定的用户任务（如文字处理）。
The OS manages the processor (scheduling), memory (allocation and paging), file systems, and input/output devices. It also provides a user interface: graphical (GUI) or command-line (CLI).
操作系统管理处理器（调度）、内存（分配与分页）、文件系统和输入/输出设备。它还提供用户界面：图形界面（GUI）或命令行界面（CLI）。
Utility software performs maintenance tasks: antivirus, disk defragmentation, backup, compression, and encryption tools.
实用软件执行维护任务：防病毒、磁盘碎片整理、备份、压缩和加密工具。
Virtual memory uses a portion of the hard disk as an extension of RAM, allowing the computer to run larger programs but at a slower speed due to disk access.
虚拟内存使用硬盘的一部分作为 RAM 的扩展，允许计算机运行更大的程序，但由于磁盘访问，速度较慢。
4. Networks and the Internet | 网络与互联网
A network connects two or more computers to share resources (files, printers, internet). Local Area Networks (LANs) cover a small area; Wide Area Networks (WANs) span large distances.
网络连接两台或更多计算机以共享资源（文件、打印机、互联网）。局域网（LAN）覆盖小范围区域；广域网（WAN）跨越远距离。
Common network topologies include star (all devices connected to a central switch), bus (single backbone cable), and mesh (multiple interconnections).
常见网络拓扑包括星型（所有设备连接到中央交换机）、总线型（单一主干电缆）和网状（多重互连）。
Client-server networks have central servers providing services to client devices. Peer-to-peer networks have each device acting as both client and server.
客户机-服务器网络由中央服务器向客户机设备提供服务。点对点网络中，每个设备既作客户机又作服务器。
The internet is a global network of networks. Protocols like TCP/IP, HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, and SMTP define rules for data transmission.
互联网是一个全球性的网络之网络。TCP/IP、HTTP、HTTPS、FTP 和 SMTP 等协议定义数据传输的规则。
An IP address (e.g. 192.168.1.1) uniquely identifies a device on a network. DNS translates human-friendly domain names into IP addresses.
IP 地址（如 192.168.1.1）唯一标识网络上的设备。DNS 将人类友好的域名转换为 IP 地址。
Packet switching breaks data into packets that travel independently and are reassembled at the destination. Each packet contains source, destination, sequence number, and error-checking information.
分组交换将数据分成独立传输的数据包，在目的地重新组装。每个数据包包含源地址、目的地址、序列号和错误校验信息。
5. Databases | 数据库
A database is an organised collection of structured data. A relational database stores data in tables (entities) linked by primary keys and foreign keys.
数据库是有组织的结构化数据集合。关系数据库将数据存储在由主键和外键链接的表（实体）中。
Each table consists of records (rows) and fields (columns). A field has a data type: text, number, date, or Boolean.
每个表由记录（行）和字段（列）组成。字段具有数据类型：文本、数字、日期或布尔值。
Validation rules ensure data entered is reasonable (e.g. range check, presence check). Verification is used to check data has been entered correctly (e.g. double entry).
验证规则确保输入的数据是合理的（如范围检查、存在检查）。验证用于检查数据是否已正确输入（如双重录入）。
Structured Query Language (SQL) is used to create, retrieve, update and delete records. Common SQL commands:
结构化查询语言（SQL）用于创建、检索、更新和删除记录。常见 SQL 命令：
SELECT name, age FROM Students WHERE grade > 80;
SELECT name, age FROM Students WHERE grade > 80;
INSERT INTO Students (id, name) VALUES (101, 'Ava');
INSERT INTO Students (id, name) VALUES (101, 'Ava');
UPDATE Students SET grade = 75 WHERE id = 101;
UPDATE Students SET grade = 75 WHERE id = 101;
DELETE FROM Students WHERE id = 101;
DELETE FROM Students WHERE id = 101;
6. Web Design | 网页设计
Web pages are built using HTML (HyperText Markup Language) for structure and CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) for presentation.
网页使用 HTML（超文本标记语言）构建结构，使用 CSS（层叠样式表）实现表现。
HTML uses tags such as <h1> for heading, <p> for paragraph, <a href="url"> for hyperlink, <img src="image.jpg"> for image, and <div> / <span> for grouping.
HTML 使用标签，如 <h1> 表示标题，<p> 表示段落，<a href="url"> 表示超链接，<img src="image.jpg"> 表示图像，<div> / <span> 用于分组。
CSS selectors target HTML elements by type, class (.classname) or ID (#idname). Properties control colour, font, margin, padding, and layout.
CSS 选择器按类型、类 (.classname) 或 ID (#idname) 定位 HTML 元素。属性控制颜色、字体、边距、填充和布局。
Responsive design ensures pages adapt to different screen sizes using flexible grids, media queries, and relative units. Good usability and accessibility (e.g. alt text, keyboard navigation) are essential.
响应式设计确保页面使用流式网格、媒体查询和相对单位适应不同屏幕尺寸。良好的可用性与可访问性（如替代文本、键盘导航）至关重要。
Inline CSS is written inside the style attribute of an HTML element; internal CSS is placed inside <style> in the <head>; external CSS is stored in a separate .css file and linked with <link>.
内联 CSS 写在 HTML 元素的 style 属性中；内部 CSS 放在 <head> 的 <style> 内；外部 CSS 存放在独立的 .css 文件中，并通过 <link> 链接。
7. Programming Fundamentals | 编程基础
Programming involves writing instructions in a language (such as Python or Scratch) to solve problems. Key concepts include variables, data types (integer, real/float, string, Boolean), and operators.
编程涉及用某种语言（如 Python 或 Scratch）编写指令来解决问题。关键概念包括变量、数据类型（整数、实数/浮点、字符串、布尔值）和运算符。
Arithmetic operators: +, -, *, /, // (integer division), % (modulus). Comparison operators: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=. Logical operators: AND, OR, NOT.
算术运算符：+、-、*、/、//（整除）、%（取模）。比较运算符：==、!=、>、<、>=、<=。逻辑运算符：AND、OR、NOT。
Control structures: sequence (one step after another), selection (if-elif-else) and iteration (while and for loops).
控制结构：顺序（一步接一步）、选择（if-elif-else）和迭代（while 和 for 循环）。
A function (subprogram/procedure) is a named block of code that can be called multiple times. Functions may take parameters and return values, enabling modular, reusable code.
函数（子程序/过程）是可多次调用的命名代码块。函数可带参数并返回值，实现模块化、可重用的代码。
exing usually starts at 0. For example, scores = [12, 18, 9]; print(scores[0]) outputs 12.
数组（列表）以一个名字存储多个项目。索引通常从 0 开始。例如，scores = [12, 18, 9]; print(scores[0]) 输出 12。
8. Computational Thinking | 计算思维
Computational thinking is a problem-solving approach that uses decomposition, pattern recognition, abstraction and algorithm design.
计算思维是一种利用分解、模式识别、抽象和算法设计解决问题的方法。
Decomposition breaks a complex problem into smaller, manageable parts. Pattern recognition identifies similarities or trends that can be generalised.
分解将复杂问题拆解为较小、可管理的部分。模式识别找出可推广的相似性或趋势。
Abstraction focuses on essential information while ignoring irrelevant detail. For example, a map shows key roads without every tree.
抽象着眼于重要信息，忽略无关细节。例如，地图显示主要道路而不画出每一棵树。
An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure to solve a problem, expressed in pseudocode, flowcharts or structured English. Key building blocks: sequencing, selection, iteration.
算法是解决问题的分步过程，可用伪代码、流程图或结构化英语表示。关键构建块：顺序、选择、迭代。
A simple linear search checks each element until the target is found; a binary search requires sorted data and repeatedly divides the search interval in half.
简单线性搜索逐个检查元素直至找到目标；二分搜索要求数据已排序，并反复将搜索区间折半。
9. Computer Security | 计算机安全
Security threats include malware (virus, worm, trojan, ransomware), phishing, denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, and social engineering.
安全威胁包括恶意软件（病毒、蠕虫、木马、勒索软件）、网络钓鱼、拒绝服务（DoS）攻击和社会工程学。
Antivirus software detects and removes malware using signature and heuristic analysis. Firewalls monitor incoming and outgoing network traffic and block unauthorised access.
防病毒软件使用特征码和启发式分析检测并清除恶意软件。防火墙监控进出网络流量并阻止未授权访问。
Encryption converts readable plaintext into ciphertext using an algorithm and a key; decryption reverses the process. Common techniques include Caesar cipher and modern AES.
加密使用算法与密钥将可读明文转换为密文；解密则相反。常见技术包括凯撒密码和现代 AES 加密。
Strong password policies (length, mix of characters, regular changes) and two-factor authentication greatly reduce the risk of unauthorised access.
强密码策略（长度、字符混合、定期更换）和双因素认证极大降低未授权访问的风险。
Keeping software up to date with patches closes known vulnerabilities. Backing up data regularly protects against ransomware and accidental deletion.
通过补丁保持软件更新可关闭已知漏洞。定期备份数据可防范勒索软件和意外删除。
10. Social, Ethical and Legal Issues | 社会、伦理与法律问题
Computing raises important issues around privacy, surveillance, and data protection. The UK General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) requires organisations to collect and process personal data lawfully and transparently.
计算引发了隐私、监控和数据保护等重要问题。英国《通用数据保护条例》（GDPR）要求组织合法、透明地收集和处理个人数据。
Copyright and intellectual property laws protect the rights of creators. It is illegal to share copyrighted software, music or videos without permission.
版权和知识产权法保护创作者的权利。未经许可分享受版权保护的软件、音乐或视频属违法行为。
Computers and the internet have widened the digital divide: unequal access to technology based on location, income, or education.
计算机和互联网扩大了数字鸿沟：由于地域、收入或教育造成的技术获取不平等。
Environmental considerations include energy consumption of data centres and e-waste recycling. Designing energy-efficient hardware and responsible disposal reduce impact.
环境考量包括数据中心的能源消耗和电子垃圾回收。设计节能硬件和负责任的处理可减少影响。
Artificial intelligence and automation bring benefits such as improved diagnostics but also ethical concerns like algorithmic bias and job displacement.
人工智能与自动化带来益处，如改善诊断，但也引发算法偏见和岗位替代等伦理关切。
11. Testing and Debugging | 测试与调试
Programs rarely work perfectly the first time. Testing using normal, extreme and exceptional data helps ensure correctness.
程序第一次很少能完美运行。使用正常、极端和异常数据进行测试有助于确保正确性。
Syntax errors occur when the code violates the language rules (e.g. missing colon); the program will not run. Logic errors produce unexpected results (e.g. using < instead of >). Runtime errors happen during execution (e.g. division by zero).
语法错误是代码违反语言规则（如缺少冒号）导致的；程序无法运行。逻辑错误产生非预期结果（如用 < 代替 >）。运行时错误发生在执行期间（如除以零）。
Debugging techniques include dry-running (tracing through code manually), using print statements to display variable values, and breakpoints in an IDE.
调试技术包括人工走查（手动跟踪代码）、使用打印语句显示变量值以及在 IDE 中设置断点。
Test tables are used to document inputs, expected results, and actual results, making it easier to identify and correct errors.
测试表用于记录输入、预期结果和实际结果，便于发现和纠正错误。
12. Revision Summary and Key Connections | 复习总结与关键联系
Computing Science is interconnected: the binary representation you learned in Data Representation supports how a computer processes all data. The fetch-execute cycle and the OS underpin all software operations. Networks and databases are essential for sharing and structuring information, while programming and computational thinking give you the tools to create solutions. Security and ethical knowledge ensure you use technology responsibly.
计算机科学是相互关联的：在数据表示中学到的二进制支撑着计算机处理所有数据的方式。取指-执行周期和操作系统构成了所有软件操作的基础。网络和数据库对于信息的共享与结构化至关重要，而编程和计算思维则赋予你创造解决方案的工具。安全与伦理知识确保你负责任地使用技术。
Regular practice with past paper questions, writing SQL queries, coding short algorithms, and drawing simple network diagrams will solidify your understanding and prepare you for the exam.
定期练习往年真题、编写 SQL 查询、编码短算法并绘制简单网络图，将巩固你的理解，为考试做好准备。
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