📚 Year 10 OCR Politics Key Terms Quick-Reference Guide | 10年级OCR政治关键术语速记指南
This revision guide brings together the essential political terminology you will encounter in the Year 10 OCR Citizenship/Politics course. Familiarity with these terms will strengthen your exam answers and help you discuss UK democracy and government with precision.
本复习指南汇集了OCR 10年级公民/政治课程中你将遇到的核心政治术语。熟练掌握这些术语可以提升你的考试答案质量，并帮助你精确地讨论英国的民主与政府。
1. Core Concepts of Democracy | 民主核心概念
Understanding the foundations of democracy is the first step. The terms below define how power is held and exercised in different systems of rule.
理解民主的基础是第一步。以下术语定义了在不同统治制度中权力如何被掌握和行使。
Democracy: A system of government in which power is vested in the people, who exercise it directly or through freely elected representatives.
民主: 权力属于人民的一种政府制度，人民直接或通过自由选举的代表行使权力。
Direct democracy: A form of democracy where citizens decide on policies themselves, without intermediaries; often exercised through referendums.
直接民主: 公民不经由中介自行决定政策的一种民主形式，通常通过全民公投实现。
Representative democracy: A system in which citizens choose representatives to make decisions on their behalf, as in the UK Parliament.
代议制民主: 公民选举代表替自己作出决策的制度，如英国议会。
Liberal democracy: A representative democracy with protections for individual rights, freedoms, and the rule of law, typically safeguarded by a constitution.
自由民主: 一种保护个人权利、自由和法治的代议制民主，通常由宪法保障。
Dictatorship: A form of government where a single person or small group holds absolute power, often maintained through force and without free elections.
独裁: 单一个人或小团体拥有绝对权力的政府形式，常通过武力维持且无自由选举。
Autocracy: A political system in which supreme authority is concentrated in the hands of one individual, whose decisions are not subject to legal restraints.
专制: 最高权力集中于一人手中且其决定不受法律约束的政治制度。
Absolute monarchy: A monarchy where the monarch wields unrestricted political power, contrasting with constitutional monarchy.
绝对君主制: 君主拥有不受限制的政治权力，与君主立宪制相对。
Constitutional monarchy: A system of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a constitution, as in the United Kingdom.
君主立宪制: 君主在宪法范围内担任国家元首的政体，如联合王国。
Republic: A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or appointed president rather than a monarch.
共和国: 最高权力由人民及其选举的代表掌握，并由民选或任命的总统而非君主担任国家元首的国家。
Sovereignty: The ultimate source of legal authority; in the UK, parliamentary sovereignty means Parliament can make or overturn any law.
主权: 法律权威的终极来源；在英国，议会主权意味着议会可以制定或推翻任何法律。
Legitimacy: The right and acceptance of an authority, usually based on law, consent, or democratic mandate.
合法性: 权威被接受和认可的权利，通常基于法律、同意或民主授权。
2. Political Participation | 政治参与
Participation goes beyond voting. These terms cover the ways citizens involve themselves in political life and the factors that shape engagement.
参与不仅限于投票。这些术语涵盖公民参与政治生活的方式以及影响参与程度的因素。
Political participation: Any activity by citizens intended to influence government or politics, including voting, protesting, and joining a party.
政治参与: 公民旨在影响政府或政治的任何活动，包括投票、抗议和加入政党。
Apathy: A lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern about political affairs, often reflected in low turnout.
政治冷漠: 对政治事务缺乏兴趣、热情或关切，常表现为低投票率。
Franchise / Suffrage: The right to vote in public elections. Universal suffrage means all adult citizens have this right.
选举权/普选权: 在公共选举中投票的权利。普遍选举权意味着所有成年公民都拥有此权利。
Electoral register: A list of all individuals who are eligible to vote in a particular area; registration is required before voting.
选民登记册: 一个地区所有具备投票资格的个人名单；投票前必须完成登记。
Secret ballot: A voting method that ensures voters' choices are kept confidential, protecting them from intimidation.
秘密投票: 确保选民选择保密、使其免受恐吓的投票方式。
Referendum: A direct vote by the electorate on a specific proposal or issue, such as the 2016 EU membership referendum.
全民公投: 选民就某一具体提案或议题进行的直接投票，如2016年欧盟成员身份公投。
Mandate: The authority granted by an electorate to a winning party or candidate to carry out the policies promised during an election campaign.
授权: 选民赋予胜选政党或候选人以落实竞选期间承诺政策的权力。
Pressure group: An organised group that seeks to influence government policy without seeking election, e.g. Greenpeace, Age UK.
压力团体: 旨在影响政府政策但不寻求赢得选举的有组织团体，如绿色和平组织、Age UK。
Lobbying: The act of attempting to influence decisions made by officials in government, often by pressure groups or professional lobbyists.
游说: 试图影响政府官员所作决定的行为，通常由压力团体或专业说客进行。
Digital participation: Political engagement conducted through online platforms, such as e-petitions, social media campaigns, and online consultations.
数字参与: 通过网络平台进行的政治参与，如电子请愿、社交媒体运动和在线咨询。
3. Political Parties and the Spectrum | 政党与政治光谱
Political parties are central to UK democracy. This section clarifies the language used to describe parties, their positions, and their functions.
政党是英国民主的核心。本节阐明用于描述政党、其立场及职能的术语。
Political party: An organised group of people with similar political opinions who seek to influence public policy by getting their candidates elected.
政党: 由持有相似政治观点的人组成的、通过使其候选人当选来影响公共政策的组织。
Manifesto: A public declaration of policies and aims issued by a political party before a general election, on which they seek a mandate.
竞选纲领: 政党在大选前发布的公开政策与目标宣言，据此寻求选民授权。
Left wing: A political position that tends to support social equality, greater government intervention in the economy, and progressive social policies.
左翼: 通常支持社会平等、更多政府干预经济和进步社会政策的一种政治立场。
Right wing: A political position that generally advocates for individual freedom, free markets, lower taxation, and traditional social values.
右翼: 通常主张个人自由、自由市场、较低税收和传统社会价值观的一种政治立场。
Centre: A moderate political stance that borrows ideas from both left and right, often seeking compromise and pragmatic solutions.
中间派: 一种温和的政治立场，融合左右两翼的观点，通常寻求妥协和务实的解决方案。
Coalition: An alliance of two or more political parties formed to govern when no single party gains an overall majority, e.g. the 2010-2015 Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition.
联合政府: 无政党赢得总体多数时，由两个或以上政党结盟组成的政府，例如2010-2015年保守党-自民党联合政府。
Opposition: The largest party not in government, which publicly scrutinises and challenges government policy; its leader is the Leader of the Opposition.
反对党: 未执政的最大政党，公开审查和挑战政府政策；其领袖为反对党领袖。
Whip: A party official who ensures members attend votes and follow the party line; also refers to the instruction itself (a 'three-line whip').
党鞭: 确保党员参加投票并遵循政党路线的政党官员；也指相关指令本身（如“三线党鞭”）。
Ideology: A system of ideas and ideals that forms the basis of a political theory and policy, e.g. socialism, conservatism, liberalism.
意识形态: 形成政治理论和政策基础的一套思想与理想体系，如社会主义、保守主义、自由主义。
One-party state: A political system in which only one political party is legally allowed to hold power, effectively eliminating competition.
一党制国家: 法律上只允许一个政党掌权的政治体制，实际上消灭了竞争。
4. Elections and Voting Systems | 选举与投票制度
Elections translate public opinion into representation. The terms below explain the mechanics of UK elections and the features of different voting systems.
选举将公众意见转化为代表权。以下术语解释英国选举的机制和不同投票制度的特点。
General election: An election in which all seats in the House of Commons are contested, usually held every five years under the Fixed-term Parliaments Act.
大选: 下议院所有席位都进行角逐的选举，根据《固定任期议会法》通常每五年举行一次。
By-election: An election held in a single constituency to fill a vacancy that has occurred between general elections.
补选: 在单个选区举行的、填补大选间隔期间出现空缺的选举。
Constituency: A geographical area represented by an elected MP; the UK is divided into 650 parliamentary constituencies.
选区: 由一名当选议员代表的地理区域；英国划分为650个议会选区。
First-past-the-post (FPTP): The voting system used for UK general elections: the candidate with the most votes in each constituency wins, regardless of whether they reach 50%.
简单多数制(FPTP): 英国大选使用的投票制度：每个选区得票最多的候选人获胜，无论是否达到50%。
Proportional representation (PR): An electoral system in which seats are allocated in proportion to the votes each party receives, used in Scottish Parliament and Welsh Senedd elections.
比例代表制(PR): 根据各党得票比例分配席位的一种选举制度，用于苏格兰议会和威尔士议会的选举。
Safe seat: A constituency where the incumbent party has such a large majority that the outcome is almost certain before the election.
安全席位: 现任政党拥有极大优势、选举结果在投票前就几乎确定的选区。
Marginal seat: A constituency where the majority is small and the seat could change hands at the next election; these seats often decide election outcomes.
边缘席位: 多数优势小、下次选举时席位可能易手的选区；这些席位往往决定选举结果。
Swing: The measure of change in voter support between parties from one election to the next, often expressed as a percentage.
摇摆幅度: 衡量两次选举之间选民对各党支持度变化的指标，通常以百分比表示。
Gerrymandering: The manipulation of constituency boundaries to favour a particular party or group; more closely monitored in the UK by independent boundary commissions.
不公正划分选区: 操纵选区边界以偏袒特定政党或团体的做法；英国由独立的边界委员会更严格监督。
Exit poll: A survey of voters taken just after they have cast their ballots, used to predict the overall election result early.
出口民调: 在选民投票后立即进行的调查，用于尽早预测整体选举结果。
5. UK Parliament and Legislation | 英国议会与立法
Parliament is the supreme legislative body. Mastering these terms will help you describe how laws are made and how the two chambers work.
议会是最高立法机构。掌握这些术语有助你描述法律如何制定以及两院如何运作。
Parliament: The supreme law-making body of the UK, consisting of the House of Commons, the House of Lords, and the Monarch.
议会: 英国的最高立法机关，由下议院、上议院和君主组成。
House of Commons: The elected, lower chamber of Parliament, whose 650 MPs debate and pass legislation, and hold the government to account.
下议院: 经选举产生的议会下院，650名议员辩论通过立法并问责政府。
House of Lords: The unelected, revising chamber of Parliament, whose members (peers) scrutinise and amend legislation but cannot veto money bills.
上议院: 未经选举的议会复审议院，其成员（贵族）审查和修订立法但无法否决财政法案。
MP (Member of Parliament): A representative elected to the House of Commons by voters in a single constituency.
议会议员(MP): 由单一选区选民选入下议院的代表。
Peer: A member of the House of Lords; peers may be life peers, hereditary peers, or bishops (Lords Spiritual).
贵族(Peer): 上议院成员；可以是终身贵族、世袭贵族或主教（灵职议员）。
The Speaker: The MP
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