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Year 10 SQA Psychology: Case Study Practical Exercises | Year 10 SQA 心理学：案例分析实战演练

2026-07-20 00:29 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 Year 10 SQA Psychology: Case Study Practical Exercises | Year 10 SQA 心理学：案例分析实战演练

Case studies are a core component of SQA Psychology assessments, designed to test how well you can apply theoretical knowledge to real-life scenarios. They require you to move beyond simple recall and demonstrate analysis, application, and evaluation. This article will guide you through a step-by-step framework for tackling case studies, complete with practical examples and examiner insights, so you can approach your Year 10 exam with confidence.

案例分析是 SQA 心理学测评的核心组成部分，旨在检验你将理论知识应用于现实情境的能力。它要求你超越简单的记忆，展示分析、应用和评价能力。本文将带你逐步掌握处理案例的框架，并提供实战范例和考官见解，助你自信迎战 Year 10 考试。

1. Understanding Case Study Requirements in SQA Psychology | 理解 SQA 心理学案例分析要求

In SQA Psychology, a case study typically presents a scenario involving an individual, a group, or a specific event. Your job is to unpack the situation by identifying the psychological principles at play, applying relevant theories, and making evaluative judgements. The questions are often phrased using command words such as 'explain', 'analyse', or 'evaluate', each demanding a different cognitive skill.

在 SQA 心理学中，案例通常呈现一个涉及个人、群体或特定事件的情境。你的任务是剖析该情境，识别起作用的心理学原理，应用相关理论，并做出评价性判断。问题常使用 'explain'（解释）、'analyse'（分析）或 'evaluate'（评价）等指令词，每个词都需要不同的认知技能。

Understanding these command words is crucial: 'explain' requires you to give reasons or cause-effect relationships; 'analyse' asks you to break the information down into its component parts and examine how they interrelate; 'evaluate' demands a balanced consideration of strengths and weaknesses, leading to a supported judgement. Always read the question carefully to determine what the examiner is truly asking for.

理解这些指令词至关重要：'explain'（解释）要求你给出理由或因果联系；'analyse'（分析）要求你将信息拆解为组成要素并考察它们之间的相互关系；'evaluate'（评价）则要求你平衡地考虑优点与不足，并得出有依据的判断。务必仔细审题，判断考官真正想问的是什么。

A well-answered case study is not a memory test. It is a reasoning test. The scenario is deliberately unfamiliar, because the examiner wants to see whether you can transfer a learned theory into a new context rather than simply repeating a textbook paragraph.

一份优秀的案例答案不是记忆测试，而是推理测试。情境通常是刻意陌生的，因为考官想看到的是你能否把学过的理论迁移到新情境中，而不是重复课本段落。

2. Decoding Command Words and Mark Allocation | 拆解指令词与分值分布

Every case study question carries a mark tariff, and the tariff tells you how much depth is required. A 4-mark question usually needs two developed points; a 6-mark question needs three; an 8-mark question or an 'evaluate' question needs a clear structure with both KU and AE content.

每道案例题都有分值，而分值直接告诉你需要写到什么深度。4 分题通常需要两个展开的要点；6 分题需要三个；8 分题或 'evaluate' 题则需要结构清晰、同时包含 KU 与 AE 内容。

Command wordWhat you must do中文说明
DescribeGive the main features or steps of a theory or study.描述：给出理论或研究的主要特征与步骤。
ExplainGive reasons, mechanisms or cause-effect links.解释：给出理由、机制或因果关系。
AnalyseBreak the behaviour into parts and show how they interrelate.分析：把行为拆解为组成部分并说明其相互关系。
EvaluateWeigh strengths and weaknesses, then judge.评价：权衡优缺点，然后做出判断。
CompareIdentify similarities and differences, and say which explains the case better.比较：指出异同，并说明哪一个更适合解释本案例。

Notice that 'describe' and 'explain' sit at the lower end of the cognitive ladder, while 'analyse' and 'evaluate' sit at the top. If a case question says 'evaluate', an answer that only describes a study will be capped, no matter how accurate the description is.

注意，'describe' 与 'explain' 位于认知层级的较低端，而 'analyse' 与 'evaluate' 位于顶端。如果案例题要求 'evaluate'，那么只描述研究的答案无论多准确都会被压分。

Total marks = KU marks + AE marks (for example 4 + 6 = 10)

3. The CASE Framework: A Four-Step Structure | CASE 四步框架：一个可复制的结构

To make your answers consistent under exam pressure, use the CASE framework: Context, Apply, Support, Evaluate. Each letter maps onto one paragraph of your answer, and together they cover both KU and AE marks.

为了在考场压力下保持答案稳定，请使用 CASE 框架：Context（情境）、Apply（应用）、Support（支撑）、Evaluate（评价）。每个字母对应答案中的一段，四段合起来能覆盖 KU 与 AE 两类分数。

A common mistake is to spend two-thirds of the answer explaining the theory and only one line applying it. Reverse that ratio: keep the theory tight and spend most of your words on the specifics of the case.

一个常见错误是：把三分之二的篇幅用来解释理论，只用一句话去应用。请把这个比例倒过来：理论部分要精简，把大部分文字花在案例的具体细节上。

4. Step One: Context - Identify the Key Concept | 第一步：情境——识别核心概念

The first sentence of your answer should name the phenomenon. In a case about a student copying the answers of a confident-looking classmate, the concept is conformity, specifically normative social influence. In a case about a witness confidently but wrongly identifying a suspect, the concept is reconstructive memory.

答案的第一句话应当点出现象的名称。如果案例讲的是某学生照着看起来自信的同学抄答案，概念就是从众（conformity），具体说是规范性社会影响。如果案例讲的是目击者自信却错误地指认了嫌疑人，概念就是重建性记忆（reconstructive memory）。

Naming the concept earns you credit immediately, but it must be accurate. Examiners report that many candidates write about obedience when the case actually describes conformity, or write about classical conditioning when the case describes operant conditioning. Both pairs are easy to confuse, so learn the distinguishing question for each.

点出概念能立刻得分，但必须准确。考官反映，很多考生在本案例其实描述从众时写成服从，或者在描述操作性条件作用时写成经典性条件作用。这两组概念极易混淆，因此请记住每组的区分性问题。

Confusable pairAsk yourself中文区分点
Conformity vs ObedienceIs there an authority figure giving a direct order? If yes, it is obedience.从众 vs 服从：是否存在发号施令的权威人物？有则为服从。
Classical vs Operant conditioningIs learning caused by a stimulus that precedes the response, or a consequence that follows it?经典 vs 操作：学习由反应之前的刺激引起，还是由反应之后的后果引起？
Encoding vs Retrieval failureWas the information ever stored, or is it stored but inaccessible?编码失败 vs 提取失败：信息是否曾被存储，还是被存储但无法提取？

5. Step Two: Apply - Anchor Theory to the Case Details | 第二步：应用——把理论锚定到案例细节

Application is where weaker answers lose most of their marks. Instead of writing 'people conform because of group pressure', write 'Jodie conformed because the group of four friends had already given an answer, and she did not want to be the only dissenter.' The second version uses the case.

应用环节是薄弱答案失分最多的地方。不要写 '人们因为群体压力而从众'，而要写 'Jodie 之所以从众，是因为四位朋友的群体已经给出了答案，而她不想成为唯一持异议的人'。第二种写法使用了案例材料。

Use the ACT rule for every applied sentence: A for Actor (who), C for Context detail (where or when), and T for Theory link (which psychological mechanism explains it). A sentence without all three parts is usually too vague to earn an AE mark.

每一个应用句都可以使用 ACT 原则：A 指 Actor（谁），C 指 Context detail（何处、何时），T 指 Theory link（哪个心理机制在解释它）。缺少任何一部分的句子通常都太笼统，无法拿到 AE 分。

Strong application = Actor + Context detail + Theory link

Another practical tip: quote the numbers from the case. If the scenario states that 11 out of 15 participants obeyed, use '73% obeyed' in your answer. Statistics embedded in a case are there for a reason, and referring to them signals genuine engagement with the stimulus.

另一个实用技巧：引用案例中的数字。如果情境说明 15 名参与者中有 11 人服从，就在答案中写 '73% 的人服从'。案例中嵌入的统计数据是有意为之，引用它们能表明你真正读懂了材料。

6. Step Three: Support - Use Named Evidence Precisely | 第三步：支撑——精准使用具名证据

Support means citing a named study or theorist with enough detail to show you understand it. 'Asch (1951) found that 32% of participants conformed on critical trials' is strong support; 'some studies show people conform' is worth nothing.

支撑意味着引用具名的研究或理论家，并给出足够细节以表明你理解它。'Asch（1951）发现 32% 的参与者在关键试次中从众' 是有力的支撑；'有些研究显示人们会从众' 则毫无价值。

Learn a small, flexible set of core studies that can be applied to many scenarios. Memorising six or seven studies deeply is far more useful than memorising twenty superficially, because examiners reward accurate detail and correct interpretation.

请掌握一套数量少但可灵活迁移的核心研究。深入记忆六到七项研究，远比浅层记忆二十项更有用，因为考官看重的是准确的细节与正确的解读。

7. Step Four: Evaluate - Balance, Then Judge | 第四步：评价——先平衡，后判断

Evaluation is the highest-value skill and the most commonly under-delivered. A strong evaluation does three things: it states a strength, states a limitation, and then makes a judgement about how far the explanation accounts for the behaviour in the case.

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评价是分值最高的技能，也是最常被写得不到位的部分。有力的评价包含三件事：指出一个优点、指出一个局限，然后判断该解释在多大程度上说明了案例中的行为。

Use methodological language to make limitations specific. Instead of 'the study was not very good', write 'the study used a small, self-selected sample of 12 male students, so the findings have low population validity and may not generalise to the 45-year-old female participant in this case.'

用方法论语言把局限写具体。不要写 '这项研究不太好'，而要写 '该研究使用了 12 名男性学生的小型自选样本，因此其总体效度较低，可能无法推广到本案例中 45 岁的女性参与者'。

Evaluation dimensionQuestion to ask中文提示
ValidityDoes the study measure what it claims to measure?效度：研究测的是它声称要测的东西吗？
ReliabilityWould the same result appear if the study were repeated?信度：重复研究会得到相同结果吗？
GeneralisationCan the sample represent the wider population?推广性：样本能代表更广的人群吗？
EthicsWere participants protected from harm, deception, and loss of consent?伦理：参与者是否免受伤害、欺骗与知情同意缺失？
ApplicationDoes it offer a useful real-world solution?应用性：它是否提供有用的现实解决方案？

Always close the evaluation with a judgement sentence beginning 'Therefore, this explanation...' This signals to the examiner that you have moved from listing to concluding, which is exactly what AE marks reward.

评价部分务必以一句判断作结，以 'Therefore, this explanation...' 起头。这向考官表明你已从罗列走向结论，而这正是 AE 分所看重的。

8. Worked Example: Conformity in a School Setting | 实战范例：校园情境中的从众

Case: A group of five Year 10 students are asked which of three posters is most attractive. Four students who answered first all choose Poster B. The fifth student, Marcus, privately prefers Poster A but says Poster B aloud.

案例：五名 Year 10 学生被问及三张海报中哪一张最吸引人。最先作答的四名学生都选择了海报 B。第五名学生 Marcus 私下更喜欢海报 A，却公开说出了海报 B。

Model answer, first paragraph: 'Marcus is displaying conformity, which occurs when an individual changes their publicly stated view to match the majority. Because there is no authority figure instructing him, this is conformity rather than obedience.'

范例答案，第一段：'Marcus 表现出的是从众，即个体改变公开表达的观点以与多数人一致。由于没有权威人物指示他，因此这是从众而非服从。'

Second paragraph: 'This is likely normative social influence: Marcus wants to be liked and accepted by the group. Asch (1951) found that 32% of participants conformed on critical trials when confederates gave an obviously wrong answer, and conformity rose to about 75% when at least one other person also dissented.'

第二段：'这很可能是规范性社会影响：Marcus 希望被群体喜欢和接纳。Asch（1951）发现，当同谋给出明显错误答案时，32% 的参与者在关键试次中从众；而当另有一人也表示异议时，从众率上升到约 75%。'

Third paragraph: 'However, Asch used an unambiguous line task with male American students in the 1950s, so the findings may have low temporal and cultural validity. Marcus is a Year 10 student in a different social setting, so the explanation is useful but not complete.'

第三段：'不过，Asch 在 1950 年代使用的是无歧义的线段任务，参与者为美国男性学生，因此研究结果的时代效度与文化效度可能较低。Marcus 身处不同社会情境中的 Year 10 学生，所以该解释有用但并不完整。'

9. Worked Example: Memory and Eyewitness Testimony | 实战范例：记忆与目击者证词

Case: Two weeks after a bicycle theft, a witness tells police that a young man 'sprinted away at around 40 mph on a motorbike'. CCTV later shows no motorbike was involved and the thief was 34 years old.

案例：自行车失窃两周后，一名目击者告诉警方，一名年轻男子 '以约 40 英里时速骑摩托车飞奔而去'。监控录像后来显示根本没有摩托车，窃贼年龄为 34 岁。

Model answer, first paragraph: 'The witness is demonstrating reconstructive memory. Memory is not a video recording; it is rebuilt each time it is recalled, and gaps are filled using schemas and expectations.'

范例答案，第一段：'该目击者表现出的是重建性记忆。记忆不是录像带；每次回忆时它都被重新建构，空缺会由图式和期望填充。'

Second paragraph: 'Loftus and Palmer (1974) showed participants a film of a car crash and asked how fast the cars were going. Those asked with the verb "smashed" estimated about 40.8 mph, while those asked with "contacted" estimated about 31.8 mph. The wording of a question altered the memory itself.'

第二段：'Loftus 与 Palmer（1974）让参与者观看车祸影片并估计车速。使用动词 'smashed'（猛撞）的参与者估计约 40.8 英里/小时，而使用 'contacted'（接触）的估计约 31.8 英里/小时。提问用词改变了记忆本身。'

Third paragraph: 'The two-week delay also matters, since memory decays over time and post-event information can overwrite the original trace. However, Loftus and Palmer used a laboratory experiment with low ecological validity, so real witnesses under genuine stress may perform differently. Overall, the case is better explained by reconstructive memory than by simple forgetting.'

第三段：'两周的延迟也很重要，因为记忆随时间衰退，事后信息可能覆盖原始痕迹。然而，Loftus 与 Palmer 使用的是生态效度较低的实验室实验，真实压力下的目击者表现可能不同。总体而言，本案例用重建性记忆解释比用简单遗忘解释更合适。'

10. Research Methods and Data in Case Studies | 案例中的研究方法和数据

Many SQA case studies include data: a small table of results, a mean score, or a correlation. You are often asked to identify the independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DV), comment on the sampling method, or suggest an improvement to the design.

许多 SQA 案例会包含数据：一张小型结果表、一个平均值，或一个相关系数。你常被要求识别自变量（IV）与因变量（DV）、评述抽样方法，或提出设计改进建议。

.68 between sleep hours and test score, the correct comment is that the link is positive and moderately strong, but that no causal conclusion can be drawn because a third variable such as revision time could explain both.

如果案例报告睡眠时长与测验得分之间的相关系数 r = 0.68，正确的评论是：该关联为正相关且强度中等偏强，但不能得出因果结论，因为复习时长等第三变量可能同时解释了二者。

Ethics also appear regularly. When asked how a study could be improved ethically, mention informed consent, the right to withdraw, debriefing, confidentiality, and protection from psychological harm. Naming the guideline earns the mark; explaining how it would be applied in this particular case earns the AE mark.

伦理问题也经常出现。当被问及如何在伦理层面改进研究时，请提到知情同意、退出权、事后说明、保密以及免受心理伤害。说出准则名称可得 KU 分；说明在本案例中如何落实才能拿到 AE 分。

11. Examiner Insights and Common Mistakes | 考官视角与常见错误

Examiners repeatedly note the same weaknesses: candidates retell the scenario instead of analysing it, they use psychological vocabulary without linking it to the case, and they write conclusions that sit on the fence. Each of these can be fixed with structure.

考官反复指出同样的薄弱点：考生复述情境而不作分析；使用心理学术语却不与案例相联系；结论模棱两可。这些问题都可以通过结构来修正。

A useful self-check is the 'so what?' test. Read each sentence and ask what mark it is earning. If the answer is nothing, delete it and replace it with a sentence that applies theory to the case or weighs evidence.

一个实用的自检方法是 '所以呢？' 测试。逐句阅读并问自己：这句话能拿什么分？如果答案是拿不到分，就删掉它，换成把理论应用于案例或权衡证据的句子。

12. Practice Exercises and Mark-Scheme Checklist | 练习任务与评分自检清单

Use the following three practice prompts, timing yourself at roughly one minute per mark. Write the answer, then mark it against the checklist below using a different colour pen.

请使用以下三个练习题目，按每分约一分钟控制时间。先作答，然后用不同颜色的笔对照下面的清单给自己打分。