📚 Year 10 SQA Science: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas and Theorems | Year 10 SQA 科学：公式定理速查手册
This quick reference handbook brings together the most important formulas, theorems and key equations you will meet in Year 10 SQA Science. Covering physics, chemistry and biology, it is designed to help you revise efficiently and tackle numerical problems with confidence. Keep it handy as you practise past papers and prepare for assessments.
这本速查手册汇总了你在 Year 10 SQA 科学课程中将遇到的最重要的公式、定理和关键方程式。内容涵盖物理、化学和生物，旨在帮助你高效复习，自信地解决计算题。在练习历年真题和准备评估时，请随时查阅。
1. Speed, Distance and Time | 速度、距离与时间
The average speed of a moving object tells us how fast it covers a distance. It can be found by dividing the total distance travelled by the total time taken, provided the motion is steady or we are happy with an average.
运动物体的平均速度告诉我们它覆盖距离的快慢。用总行驶距离除以所用的总时间即可求出，前提是运动稳定或者我们接受平均值的概念。
The formula used is:
v = d / t
所用公式为：
v = d / t
Here, v represents speed in metres per second (m/s), d is the distance in metres (m) and t is the time in seconds (s). Always convert units before calculation if they are not already in SI form.
此处 v 代表速度，单位为米每秒 (m/s)，d 是距离，单位为米 (m)，t 是时间，单位为秒 (s)。如果单位不是国际单位制，务必在计算前进行换算。
r example, a cyclist who covers 300 m in 20 s has an average speed of v = 300/20 = 15 m/s.
例如，一名自行车手在 20 秒内行驶了 300 米，其平均速度为 v = 300/20 = 15 m/s。
2. Acceleration | 加速度
Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes with time. It is a vector quantity, meaning it has both magnitude and direction. Deceleration is simply negative acceleration.
加速度是速度随时间变化的快慢。它是一个矢量，既有大小又有方向。减速就是负的加速度。
The relationship is expressed as:
a = (v − u) / t
关系式表达为：
a = (v − u) / t
Where a is acceleration (m/s²), v is final velocity (m/s), u is initial velocity (m/s) and t is the time taken (s). If the object starts from rest, u = 0.
其中 a 是加速度 (m/s²)，v 是末速度 (m/s)，u 是初速度 (m/s)，t 是所用时间 (s)。如果物体从静止开始，则 u = 0。
ses its velocity from 5 m/s to 25 m/s in 4 s. Its acceleration is a = (25 − 5)/4 = 5 m/s².
假设一辆汽车在 4 秒内速度从 5 m/s 增加到 25 m/s。其加速度 a = (25 − 5)/4 = 5 m/s²。
3. Newton's Second Law of Motion | 牛顿第二运动定律
Newton's second law explains how the motion of an object changes when a resultant force acts on it. The acceleration produced is directly proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
牛顿第二定律解释了当合力作用于物体时，其运动如何改变。产生的加速度与净力成正比，与物体的质量成反比。
The fundamental formula is:
F = m a
基本公式为：
F = m a
F is the resultant force in newtons (N), m is the mass in kilograms (kg) and a is the acceleration in metres per second squared (m/s²). Remember to use the net force when several forces act.
F 是合力，单位为牛顿 (N)，m 是质量 (kg)，a 是加速度 (m/s²)。当多个力作用时，务必使用合力。
0 kg box is pushed with a net force of 50 N, its acceleration is a = F/m = 50/10 = 5 m/s².
例如，一个 10 kg 的箱子受到 50 N 的净推力，其加速度 a = F/m = 50/10 = 5 m/s²。
4. Weight and Gravitational Field Strength | 重量与重力场强度
Weight is the force of gravity acting on an object. It should not be confused with mass, which stays the same everywhere; weight changes with the strength of the gravitational field.
重量是作用在物体上的重力。不要将其与质量混淆，质量在任何地方都保持不变，而重量随重力场强度变化。
The equation linking them is:
W = m g
关联它们的公式是：
W = m g
W is weight in newtons (N), m is mass in kilograms (kg) and g ). On the surface of the Earth, g ≈ 9.8 N/kg, though 10 N/kg is often used for simplicity.
W 是重量 (N)，m 是质量 (kg)，g 是重力场强度 (N/kg)。在地球表面，g ≈ 9.8 N/kg，不过为简便常取 10 N/kg。
What is the weight of an astronaut whose mass is 70 kg? W = 70 × 9.8 = 686 N.
一名质量为 70 kg 的宇航员，其重量是多少？W = 70 × 9.8 = 686 N。
5. Kinetic Energy | 动能
Any moving object possesses kinetic energy. The amount depends on both the mass and the square of the speed, making high-speed objects particularly energetic.
任何运动的物体都具有动能。动能的多少取决于质量和速度的平方，因此高速运动的物体能量特别大。
The kinetic energy can be calculated as:
Eₖ = ½ m v²
动能计算公式为：
Eₖ = ½ m v²
Eₖ is kinetic energy in joules (J), m is mass (kg) and v is speed (m/s). Note the speed is squared before multiplying.
Eₖ 是动能 (J)，m 是质量 (kg)，v 是速度 (m/s)。注意速度需要先平方再相乘。
A 2 kg ball moving at 3 m/s has Eₖ = ½ × 2 × (3)² = ½ × 2 × 9 = 9 J.
一个重 2 kg 的球以 3 m/s 的速度运动，其动能 Eₖ = ½ × 2 × (3)² = ½ × 2 × 9 = 9 J。
6. Gravitational Potential Energy | 重力势能
When an object is raised above a reference level, work is done against gravity and the object stores gravitational potential energy. This energy can be converted into other forms if the object falls.
当物体被抬高到参考面以上时，克服重力做功，物体储存了重力势能。如果物体下落，这部分能量可以转化为其他形式。
The stored energy is given by:
Eₚ = m g h
储存的能量由下式给出：
Eₚ = m g h
Eₚ is the gravitational potential energy in joules (J), m is mass (kg), g is gravitational field strength (N/kg) and h is the vertical height gained (m).
Eₚ 是重力势能 (J)，m 是质量 (kg)，g 是重力场强度 (N/kg)，h 是上升的竖直高度 (m)。
How much energy is needed to lift a 5 kg box onto a shelf 2 m high? (Take g = 10 N/kg) Eₚ = 5 × 10 × 2 = 100 J.
把一个 5 kg 的箱子抬到 2 m 高的架子上需要多少能量？（取 g = 10 N/kg）Eₚ = 5 × 10 × 2 = 100 J。
7. Power | 功率
Power measures the rate at which energy is transferred or work is done. A more powerful device transfers the same amount of energy in a shorter time.
功率衡量能量传递或做功的快慢。一台功率更大的设备可以在更短的时间内传递相同数量的能量。
The defining equation is:
P = E / t
定义公式为：
P = E / t
P is power in watts (W), E is energy transferred or work done in joules (J) and t is time in seconds (s). 1 watt equals 1 joule per second.
P 是功率 (W)，E 是传递的能量或做的功 (J)，t 是时间 (s)。1 瓦特等于 1 焦耳每秒。
If an electric motor does 600 J of work in 10 s, its power output is P = 600 / 10 = 60 W.
如果一台电动机在 10 s 内做了 600 J 的功，其输出功率为 P = 600 / 10 = 60 W。
8. Ohm's Law and Electrical Resistance | 欧姆定律与电阻
Ohm's law describes the relationship between potential difference, current and resistance in a circuit at constant temperature. It is fundamental for analysing electrical components.
欧姆定律描述了在温度恒定时电路中的电势差、电流和电阻之间的关系。
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