📚 IGCSE CCEA Physics: End-of-Term Revision Checklist | IGCSE CCEA 物理：期末复习提纲
This revision checklist covers the core topics from the IGCSE CCEA Physics syllabus, providing a structured review of essential principles, equations, and practical applications. Use it to identify areas of strength and topics requiring further practice before your end-of-term assessment.
本复习提纲涵盖 IGCSE CCEA 物理教学大纲的核心主题，系统梳理了基本原理、方程式和实际应用。使用此清单找出你的强项以及期末评估前需要进一步练习的主题。
1. Kinematics and Motion Graphs | 运动学与运动图像
Understand the difference between scalar and vector quantities; speed and velocity are vectors with magnitude and direction, while distance and speed are scalars.
理解标量和矢量之间的区别；速度和速率是既有大小又有方向的矢量，而距离和时间是标量。
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity: a = Δv / Δt, measured in m/s².
加速度是速度的变化率：a = Δv / Δt，单位为 m/s²。
Interpret displacement-time and velocity-time graphs; the gradient of a displacement-time graph gives velocity, and the gradient of a velocity-time graph gives acceleration. The area under a velocity-time graph represents displacement.
解读位移-时间图和速度-时间图；位移-时间图的斜率表示速度，速度-时间图的斜率表示加速度。速度-时间图下的面积代表位移。
iform acceleration, use the equations of motion: v = u + at, s = ut + ½at², v² = u² + 2as.
对于匀加速直线运动，使用运动学公式：v = u + at，s = ut + ½at²，v² = u² + 2as。
2. Forces and Newton's Laws | 力与牛顿定律
A force can change an object's shape, speed, or direction; forces are measured in newtons (N) and are vector quantities.
力可以改变物体的形状、速度或方向；力的单位是牛顿 (N)，是矢量。
Newton's First Law: an object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a resultant force.
牛顿第一定律：除非受到合外力的作用，否则物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动状态。
Newton's Second Law: F = m × a, where F is resultant force, m is mass, and a is acceleration.
牛顿第二定律：F = m × a，其中 F 为合外力，m 为质量，a 为加速度。
Newton's Third Law: action and reaction forces are equal in size and opposite in direction, acting on different bodies.
牛顿第三定律：作用力与反作用力大小相等、方向相反、作用在不同的物体上。
, air resistance, and tension are common forces; weight W = m × g (g = 9.8 m/s² on Earth).
摩擦力、空气阻力和张力是常见的力；重量 W = m × g（地球表面 g = 9.8 m/s²）。
3. Momentum and Safety | 动量与安全
measured in kg·m/s; momentum is conserved in a closed system where no external forces act.
动量 p = m × v，单位为 kg·m/s；在没有外力作用的封闭系统内，动量守恒。
explosions, total momentum before equals total momentum after: m₁u₁ + m₂u₂ = m₁v₁ + m₂v₂.
在碰撞和爆炸中，碰撞前的总动量等于碰撞后的总动量：m₁u₁ + m₂u₂ = m₁v₁ + m₂v₂。
s explains how crumple zones and airbags reduce impact force by increasing collision time.
力与动量的变化率有关：F = Δp / Δt；这解释了溃缩区和安全气囊如何通过延长碰撞时间来减小冲击力。
Elastic collisions conserve kinetic energy; inelastic collisions do not, but total energy is always conserved.
弹性碰撞动能守恒；非弹性碰撞动能不守恒，但总能量始终守恒。
4. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功与功率
v²), gravitational potential (GPE = mgh), elastic potential, thermal, and chemical energy.
能量是做功的能力，单位为焦耳 (J)。形式包括动能 (KE = ½mv²)、重力势能 (GPE = mgh)、弹性势能、热能和化学能。
en force and displacement are in the same direction); work done equals energy transferred.
做功 W = F × d（当力与位移方向相同时）；所做的功等于能量转化的量。
e, measured in watts (W). Efficiency = (useful output energy) / (total input energy) × 100%.
功率 P = W / t = 能量传递 / 时间，单位为瓦特 (W)。效率 = （有用输出能量） / （总输入能量） × 100%。
Principle of conservation of energy: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred, stored, or dissipated.
能量守恒原理：能量不能被创造或消灭，只能被转移、储存或耗散。
5. Thermal Physics and States of Matter | 热物理学与物态
Matter exists in solid, liquid, and gas states; changes of state (melting, boiling, condensing, freezing) occur at constant temperature and involve latent heat.
物质以固态、液态和气态存在；物态变化（熔化、沸腾、凝结、凝固）在恒定温度下发生，并涉及潜热。
e energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C: Q = m × c × Δθ.
比热容 c 是使 1 kg 物质温度升高 1 °C 所需的能量：Q = m × c × Δθ。
to change state per kg without temperature change: Q = m × L (for fusion or vaporisation).
比潜热 L 是每千克物质在温度不变时改变状态所需的能量：Q = m × L（用于熔化或汽化）。
Conduction, convection, and radiation are methods of heat transfer; black, matt surfaces are good absorbers and emitters of infrared radiation.
传导、对流和辐射是传热方式；黑色粗糙表面是良好的红外辐射吸收体和发射体。
6. Waves Properties and Sound | 波的性质与声音
Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. Transverse waves (e.g., light, water waves) have oscillations perpendicular to direction of travel; longitudinal waves (e.g., sound) have oscillations parallel.
波传递能量而不传递物质。横波（如光波、水波）的振动方向垂直于传播方向；纵波（如声波）的振动方向平行于传播方向。
equation: v = f × λ, where v is speed (m/s), f is frequency (Hz), and λ is wavelength (m).
波速方程：v = f × λ，其中 v 为速度 (m/s)，f 为频率 (Hz)，λ 为波长 (m)。
Reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference are wave phenomena. Refraction occurs when waves change speed at a boundary.
反射、折射、衍射和干涉是波的常见现象。当波在界面处改变速度时会发生折射。
330 m/s. Ultrasound has frequencies above 20 kHz and is used in medical imaging and sonar.
声音是一种需要介质的纵波；在空气中的速度约为 330 m/s。超声波频率高于 20 kHz，用于医学成像和声呐。
7. Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum | 光与电磁波谱
n follows the law: angle of incidence i = angle of reflection r, measured from the normal.
光沿直线传播；反射定律：入射角 i 等于反射角 r，均从法线量起。
Refraction at a boundary obeys Snell' nal reflection occurs when the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle in a denser medium.
界面处的折射遵循斯涅尔定律：n₁ sin θ₁ = n₂ sin θ₂。当光密介质中的入射角大于临界角时，发生全内反射。
Dispersion of white light through a prism reveals the visible spectrum: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet.
白光通过棱镜的色散显示出可见光谱：红、橙、黄、绿、蓝、靛、紫。
; all travel at 3×10⁸ m/s in vacuum. Use: communications, heating, sterilisation, imaging.
电磁波谱包括无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X 射线和伽马射线；在真空中均以 3×10⁸ m/s 传播。用途：通信、加热、灭菌、成像。
8. Electricity and Circuits | 电学与电路
rate of flow of charge: I = Q / t. Voltage V (volts) is energy per unit charge: V = W / Q.
电流 I（安培）是电荷流动的速率：I = Q / t。电压 V（伏特）是单位电荷的能量：V = W / Q。
Ohm' R for a metallic conductor at constant temperature. Resistance R is measured in ohms (Ω).
欧姆定律：在恒定温度下，金属导体的 V = I × R。电阻 R 的单位为欧姆 (Ω)。
In series circuits: current is the same, voltages add up, total resistance Rₜ = R₁ + R₂ + … rallel circuits: voltage is the same across branches, current splits, 1/Rₜ = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + …
串联电路中：电流处处相等，总电压等于各分电压之和，总电阻 Rₜ = R₁ + R₂ + ... 并联电路中：各支路两端电压相等，总电流等于各支路电流之和，1/Rₜ = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + ...
/R. Energy transferred E = P × t, often measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh) for domestic use.
电功率 P = I × V = I²R = V²/R。消耗的电能 E = P × t，家庭用电常以千瓦时 (kWh) 计量。
Household electricity uses live, neutral, and earth wires; fuses and circuit breakers protect against overcurrent.
家庭电路使用火线、零线和地线；保险丝和断路器用于过流保护。
9. Magnetism and Electromagnetism | 磁学与电磁学
Magnets have north and south poles; like poles repel, unlike attract. Magnetic field lines run from north to south outside a magnet.
磁体有北极和南极；同名磁极相互排斥，异名磁极相互吸引。磁体外部的磁感线从北极指向南极。
An electromagnet is a coil of wire (solenoid) with a soft iron core; its strength increases with greater current, more turns, or an iron core. Used in relays, electric bells, and loudspeakers.
电磁铁是带有软铁芯的线圈（螺线管）；其强度随电流增大、匝数增加或加入铁芯而增强。用于继电器、电铃和扬声器。
otor effect: a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field experiences a force; Fleming's left-hand rule gives direction. F = B × I × L.
电动机效应：通电导线在磁场中受到力的作用；左手定则判断方向。F = B × I × L。
Electromagnetic induction: when a conductor cuts magnetic field lines, an emf is induced. This is the basis of generators and transformers.
电磁感应：当导体切割磁感线时，会产生感应电动势。这是发电机和变压器工作的基础。
oltage: Vₚ / Vₛ = Nₚ / Nₛ. For an ideal transformer, power in = power out (Vₚ Iₚ = Vₛ Iₛ).
变压器改变电压：Vₚ / Vₛ = Nₚ / Nₛ。对于理想变压器，输入功率等于输出功率 (Vₚ Iₚ = Vₛ Iₛ)。
10. Radioactivity and Nuclear Physics | 放射性及核物理
Atomic structure: protons (+), neutrons (0), and electrons (–). Atomic number Z = proton number; mass number A = protons + neutrons.
原子结构：质子（正电）、中子（不带电）和电子（负电）。原子序数 Z = 质子数；质量数 A = 质子数 + 中子数。
Radioactive decay is random; alpha (α) particles are helium nuclei (low penetration), beta (β) particles are fast electrons (moderate penetration), gamma (γ) rays are electromagnetic waves (high penetration).
放射性衰变是随机的；α 粒子是氦核（穿透力弱），β 粒子是高速电子（中等穿透力），γ 射线是电磁波（穿透力强）。
Half-life t₁/₂ is the time for half the nuclei in a sample to decay; it is constant for a particular isotope.
半衰期 t₁/₂ 是样品中一半原子核发生衰变所需的时间；对于特定同位素，半衰期是恒定的。
Nuclear fission is the splitting of heavy nuclei (e.g., uranium-235) releasing energy; used in nuclear power. Nuclear fusion joins light nuclei, releasing even more energy, and powers the Sun.
核裂变是重核（如铀-235）分裂并释放能量；用于核能发电。核聚变是轻核结合释放更大能量，为太阳提供动力。
Uses: alpha sources in smoke detectors, beta for thickness gauging, gamma for cancer treatment and sterilisation. Safety: reduce exposure time, increase distance, shielding.
应用：α 源用于烟雾报警器，β 用于厚度测量，γ 用于癌症治疗和灭菌。安全措施：缩短暴露时间、增加距离、屏蔽。
11. Space Physics | 空间物理
Our Solar System: planets orbit the Sun in elliptical paths; gravity provides the centripetal force. Moons orbit planets.
我们的太阳系：行星以椭圆轨道绕太阳运行；万有引力提供向心力。卫星绕行星运行。
The Big Bang theory states the Universe began from a hot, dense state and has been expanding ever since. Evidence includes red-shift of distant galaxies and cosmic microwave background radiation.
大爆炸理论认为宇宙起源于一个热密的初始状态并一直在膨胀。证据包括遥远星系的红移和宇宙微波背景辐射。
Red-shift: when a light source moves away, observed wavelength increases. The greater the speed of recession, the greater the red-shift.
红移：当光源远离时，观测到的波长变长。退行速度越大，红移越显著。
Our Sun is a star; the life cycle of stars includes protostar, main sequence, red giant, and then white dwarf or supernova, depending on mass.
太阳是一颗恒星；恒星的生命周期包括原恒星、主序星、红巨星，然后根据质量变成白矮星或超新星。
12. Practical Skills and Data Analysis | 实验技能与数据分析
Measurements: use appropriate instruments (ruler, micrometer, stopwatch, ammeter, voltmeter); record to correct precision with units.
测量：使用合适的仪器（直尺、千分尺、秒表、电流表、电压表）；记录要保留正确的精度并带单位。
Graph plotting: label axes with quantity and unit, use sensible scales, plot points with small crosses, draw best-fit lines or curves.
作图：用物理量和单位标注坐标轴，选择合适的分度值，用小十字标出数据点，画出最佳拟合线或曲线。
Handling uncertainties: repeat readings, calculate mean, identify anomalies, describe precision (smallest division) and accuracy (closeness to true value).
处理不确定度：重复读数，计算平均值，识别异常值，描述精密度（最小分度）和准确度（与真实值的接近程度）。
Risk assessment: identify hazards in experiments and suggest precautions, e.g., using heatproof mats, goggles, low voltages.
风险评估：识别实验中的危险并提出预防措施，例如使用隔热垫、护目镜、低电压。
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