📚 Year 10 SQA Science: Core Knowledge Checklist | 苏格兰SQA Year 10科学核心知识点梳理
This article provides a comprehensive overview of the essential concepts in Year 10 SQA Science, covering Biology, Chemistry and Physics. Whether you are preparing for the National 5 exams or consolidating your understanding, these core knowledge points will help you focus your revision.
本文全面梳理了苏格兰 SQA Year 10 科学的核心知识点，涵盖生物、化学和物理。无论你是在为 National 5 考试做准备，还是巩固理解，这些核心知识点都能帮助你更有针对性地复习。
1. Cell Structure and Transport | 细胞结构与运输
All living organisms are made of cells. Animal cells contain a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes. Plant cells have the same parts plus a rigid cell wall, chloroplasts for photosynthesis and a permanent vacuole filled with cell sap.
所有生物都由细胞构成。动物细胞包含细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜、线粒体和核糖体。植物细胞除了这些结构，还有坚硬的细胞壁、能进行光合作用的叶绿体，以及充满细胞液的液泡。
Substances move into and out of cells by diffusion, osmosis and active transport. Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion involving water molecules across a partially permeable membrane. Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient using energy from respiration.
物质通过扩散、渗透和主动运输进出细胞。扩散是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动。渗透是水分子通过半透膜的扩散。主动运输利用呼吸作用提供的能量，使物质逆浓度梯度移动。
| Process | Particles | Energy | Direction |
|---|---|---|---|
| Diffusion | Solute/gas | None | Down gradient |
| Osmosis | Water | None | Down water gradient |
| Active transport | Ions/molecules | ATP required | Against gradient |
上表比较了三种主要的跨膜运输方式。扩散和渗透不需要代谢能，而主动运输依赖 ATP。
2. DNA and Protein Synthesis | DNA与蛋白质合成
DNA carries the genetic instructions for life. Its structure is a double helix, where each strand is made of nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a sugar, a phosphate group and a base – adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C) or guanine (G). Base pairing rules state that A pairs with T, and C pairs with G.
DNA 携带着生命活动的遗传指令。其结构为双螺旋，每条单链由核苷酸组成。每个核苷酸含有一个糖、一个磷酸基团和一个碱基——腺嘌呤 (A)、胸腺嘧啶 (T)、胞嘧啶 (C) 或鸟嘌呤 (G)。碱基配对规则为 A 与 T 配对，C 与 G 配对。
Genes are sections of DNA that code for specific proteins. Protein synthesis occurs in two main stages: transcription (in the nucleus) and translation (at ribosomes). Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome, where amino acids are assembled into a polypeptide chain.
基因是编码特定蛋白质的 DNA 片段。蛋白质合成主要分两个阶段：转录 (在细胞核内) 和翻译 (在核糖体上)。信使 RNA (mRNA) 将遗传密码从 DNA 携带到核糖体，氨基酸在此依次连接形成多肽链。
In genetic engineering, genes can be transferred from one organism to another to produce desired traits, such as insulin production by bacteria.
在基因工程中，基因可以从一个生物转移到另一个生物以产生所需性状，例如利用细菌生产胰岛素。
3. Ecosystems and Energy Flow | 生态系统与能量流动
An ecosystem consists of a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment. Energy enters most ecosystems through sunlight, captured by producers (plants) during photosynthesis.
生态系统由相互作用的生物群落及其非生物环境组成。能量大多通过阳光进入生态系统，由生产者 (植物) 在光合作用中捕获。
Photosynthesis can be summarised by the word equation:
Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
光合作用的文字方程式为：
二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气
Energy is transferred along food chains. At each trophic level, energy is lost through respiration, movement and as heat. Typically only about 10% of the energy is passed on to the next level. A pyramid of energy shows this decrease.
能量沿食物链传递。在每一个营养级，能量通过呼吸作用、运动以及热的形式散失。通常只有约 10% 的能量传递给下一级。能量金字塔可以直观展示这种递减关系。
The carbon cycle describes how carbon atoms move between the atmosphere, producers, consumers and decomposers through processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, feeding and combustion.
碳循环描述了碳原子如何通过光合作用、呼吸作用、摄食和燃烧等过程在大气、生产者、消费者和分解者之间迁移。
4. Atomic Structure and Bonding | 原子结构与化学键
Atoms consist of a nucleus containing protons (positive) and neutrons (neutral), surrounded by electrons (negative) arranged in energy levels. The atomic number is the number of protons; the mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons.
原子由含质子 (带正电) 和中子 (不带电) 的原子核以及绕核运动的电子 (带负电) 组成，电子分层排布。原子序数为质子数，质量数为质子数与中子数之和。
Electron arrangement determines chemical reactivity. Atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons to obtain a stable full outer shell. Ionic bonding forms between metals and non-metals, where electrons are transferred. Covalent bonding occurs between non-metals, where electron pairs are shared.
电子排布决定化学性质。原子倾向通过得失或共享电子来达到稳定的满壳层结构。离子键由金属和非金属间电子转移形成。共价键由非金属原子共享电子对形成。
Properties of substances link to their bonding and structure. For example, sodium chloride (ionic) has a giant lattice, dissolves in water and conducts electricity when molten. Diamond (covalent network) is very hard, while graphite conducts electricity due to delocalised electrons.
物质的性质与化学键和结构有关。例如，氯化钠 (离子晶体) 具有巨型晶格，溶于水，熔融态能导电。金刚石 (共价网络) 极硬，而石墨因含有离域电子而能导电。
5. The Mole and Chemical Calculations | 摩尔与化学计算
of substance. One mole of any substance contains 6.02 × 10²³ elementary entities (Avogadro' constant). The mass of one mole of a substance (molar mass) is its formula mass in grams.
摩尔是国际单位制中物质的量的单位。1 摩尔任何物质含有 6.02 × 10²³ 个基本单元 (阿伏伽德罗常数)。1 摩尔物质的质量 (摩尔质量) 在数值上等于其式量，单位为克。
The relationship between mass, moles and molar mass is:
number of moles = mass ÷ molar mass (n = m/M)
质量、摩尔与摩尔质量的关系为：
摩尔数 = 质量 ÷ 摩尔质量 (n = m/M)
drogen react with 1 mole of oxygen to produce 2 moles of water. This allows calculation of reacting masses.
配平的化学方程式给出了反应物与产物的摩尔比。例如，2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O 意味着 2 摩尔氢气与 1 摩尔氧气反应生成 2 摩尔水。据此可以计算反应质量。
6. Acids, Bases and pH | 酸、碱与pH
Acids are substances that produce hydrogen ions (H⁺) in solution. Common laboratory acids include hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and nitric acid (HNO₃). Alkalis are soluble bases that release hydroxide ions (OH⁻).
酸是在溶液中产生氢离子 (H⁺) 的物质。实验室常见酸有盐酸 (HCl)、硫酸 (H₂SO₄) 和硝酸 (HNO₃)。碱是可溶的能释放氢氧根离子 (OH⁻) 的物质。
The pH scale measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution: pH less than 7 is acidic, pH 7 is neutral, and pH greater than 7 is alkaline. Indicators, such as litmus and universal indicator, change colour based on pH.
pH 标度用于衡量溶液的酸碱度：pH < 7 为酸性，pH = 7 为中性，pH > 7 为碱性。指示剂如石蕊和通用指示剂会根据 pH 改变颜色。
During neutralisation, an acid reacts with a base to form a salt and water:
Acid + base → salt + water
在中和反应中，酸与碱反应生成盐和水：
酸 + 碱 → 盐 + 水
lts can be prepared by reacting an acid with a metal, a carbonate or an alkali and can be obtained by crystallisation.
例如：HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O。盐可以通过酸与金属、碳酸盐或碱反应制得，并通过结晶法获得。
7. Electricity and Circuits | 电学与电路
Current (I) is the rate of flow of charge; it is measured in amperes (A). Voltage (V) is the energy transferred per unit charge, measured in volts (V). Resistance (R) is the opposition to current, measured in ohms (Ω).
电流 (I) 是电荷流动的速率，单位为安培 (A)。电压 (V) 是每单位电荷转移的能量，单位为伏特 (V)。电阻 (R) 是对电流的阻碍，单位为欧姆 (Ω)。
Ohm's law states:
V = I × R
欧姆定律为：
V = I × R
In a series circuit, the current is the same at all points and the supply voltage is shared across components. In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each branch is the same, while the total current is the sum of the branch currents.
在串联电路中，各处电流相等，电源电压分配到各个元件上。在并联电路中，各支路电压相等，总电流等于各支路电流之和。
E = P × t. The fuse and circuit breaker are safety devices that prevent excessive current.
电功率 (P) 是能量转移的速率，P = I × V，转移的电能 E = P × t。保险丝和断路器是防止电流过大的安全装置。
8. Energy Transfers and Power | 能量转换与功率
Energy exists in many forms: kinetic, gravitational potential, chemical, thermal, light, sound and electrical. Energy is conserved; it can be transferred or transformed but never destroyed.
能量有多种形式：动能、重力势能、化学能、热能、光能、声能和电能。能量守恒，它可以被转移或转化，但不能被消灭。
ect is raised: Eₚ = m g h, where g is the gravitational field strength (10 N/kg on Earth).
动能 (Eₖ) 取决于质量和速度：Eₖ = ½ m v²。物体被抬高所获得的重力势能 (Eₚ)：Eₚ = m g h，其中 g 是重力场强度 (地球约为 10 N/kg)。
ency is calculated as useful output energy (or power) divided by total input energy (× 100%).
做功 (W) = 力 × 距离。功率 (P) 是做功的速率：P = W / t。效率 = 有用的输出能量 (或功率) ÷ 总输入能量 (× 100%)。
Sankey diagrams visually show useful and wasted energy transfers. Reducing energy waste improves efficiency and conserves resources.
桑基图直观展示有用和浪费的能量传递。减少能量浪费能提高效率、节约资源。
9. Waves: Sound and Electromagnetic Spectrum | 波：声音与电磁波谱
Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. Transverse waves (e.g., light, EM waves) have oscillations perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer. Longitudinal waves (e.g., sound) have oscillations parallel to the direction of travel. Key wave properties are wavelength (λ), frequency (f) and amplitude.
波可以不传递物质而传递能量。横波 (如光、电磁波) 振动方向与能量传递方向垂直。纵波 (如声音) 振动方向与传播方向平行。波的基本特性包括波长 (λ)、频率 (f) 和振幅。
The wave equation links speed, frequency and wavelength:
v = f × λ
波速、频率和波长的关系为：
v = f × λ
Sound travels much faster in solids than in gases and cannot travel through a vacuum. Ultrasound is sound above 20 kHz used in medicine and industry.
声音在固体中比在气体中传播快得多，且在真空中无法传播。超声波是频率高于 20 kHz 的声波，广泛用于医疗和工业。
increasing frequency, includes: radio, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X‑ nt regions have practical applications such as communication, heating, vision and medical imaging.
电磁波谱按频率递增依次为：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X 射线和伽马射线。所有电磁波在真空中速率均为 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s。不同波段有通信、加热、视觉、医学成像等应用。
10. Dynamics: Forces, Motion and Space | 动力学：力、运动与太空
Newton' tes force, mass and acceleration: F = m a. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
牛顿第一定律表明，物体在不受外力作用时将保持静止或匀速直线运动。牛顿第二定律将力、质量和加速度联系在一起：F = m a。加速度是速度的变化率。
For uniformly accelerated motion, these equations (kinematic equations) are useful:
v = u + a t
s = u t + ½ a t² Published by TutorHao | Year 10 Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
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