Year 10 SQA Chemistry: Key Terms Memorisation Guide | 10年级 SQA 化学：核心术语速记指南

📚 Year 10 SQA Chemistry: Key Terms Memorisation Guide | 10年级 SQA 化学：核心术语速记指南

Mastering the vocabulary of SQA National 5 Chemistry is the first step to understanding the subject. This guide breaks down the most important terms you need to know, with memory tricks and clear explanations to help you revise quickly and effectively.

掌握 SQA National 5 化学的词汇是理解这门学科的第一步。本指南分解了您需要了解的最重要术语，提供记忆技巧和清晰解释，帮助您快速高效地复习。

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1. Atomic Structure | 原子结构

Nucleus – the tiny, dense centre of an atom containing protons (p⁺) and neutrons (n⁰). Electrons (e^-) orbit the nucleus in energy levels.

原子核 – 原子中心极小而致密的部分，包含质子（p⁺）和中子（n⁰）。电子（e^-）在能级中绕核运动。

Atomic number (Z) – the number of protons, which uniquely identifies the element. Mass number (A) – the total number of protons + neutrons.

原子序数（Z） – 质子数，它唯一地确定了元素种类。质量数（A） – 质子数与中子数的总和。

Isotopes – atoms of the same element with the same atomic number but different mass numbers (different numbers of neutrons). E.g. carbon-12 (¹²₆C) and carbon-14 (¹⁴₆C).

同位素 – 同一元素中原子序数相同但质量数不同的原子（中子数不同）。例如碳‑12（¹²₆C）和碳‑14（¹⁴₆C）。

Electron arrangement – electrons fill shells: 2,8,8... for the first 20 elements. The group number often tells you the outer electrons.

电子排布 – 电子分层填充：前20号元素为2,8,8...。主族数通常表示最外层电子数。

Atomic number = protons = electrons (in a neutral atom)   |   Mass number = protons + neutrons

原子序数 = 质子数 = 电子数（中性原子）  |   质量数 = 质子数 + 中子数

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2. The Periodic Table | 元素周期表

Periods – horizontal rows; the period number equals the number of occupied electron shells. Groups – vertical columns; elements in the same group have the same number of outer electrons and similar chemical properties.

周期 – 水平行；周期数等于已填充的电子层数。族 – 垂直列；同族元素具有相同的最外层电子数和相似的化学性质。

Alkali metals (Group 1) – very reactive, soft metals with one outer electron. Reactivity increases down the group. Halogens (Group 7) – reactive non‑metals; reactivity decreases down the group.

碱金属（第1族） – 非常活泼的软金属，最外层一个电子。反应性自上而下增强。卤素（第7族） – 活泼的非金属；反应性自上而下减弱。

Noble gases (Group 0) – unreactive monatomic gases with full outer shells. Transition metals – conduct heat/electricity, form coloured compounds, and act as catalysts.

稀有气体（第0族） – 不活泼的单原子气体，最外层全满。过渡金属 – 导热导电，形成有色化合物，并可用作催化剂。

Memorisation tip: Remember the reactivity trend with 'Lee Na K Rb Cs Fr' – Little Naughty Kids Rub Cs Frantically for Group 1 going down.

记忆技巧： 用顺口溜记第一族自上而下：锂钠钾铷铯钫，活泼增加别慌张。

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3. Bonding and Properties | 化学键与性质

Ionic bonding – transfer of electrons from a metal to a non‑metal, forming oppositely charged ions that attract (electrostatic force). Giant ionic lattice: high melting/boiling points, conducts electricity when molten or dissolved.

离子键 – 电子从金属转移到非金属，形成带相反电荷的离子，靠静电引力结合。巨离子晶格：熔沸点高，熔融或溶解时导电。

Covalent bonding – sharing of electrons between two non‑metal atoms. Covalent molecular substances (e.g. H₂O, CO₂) have low melting/boiling points and do not conduct. Covalent network (e.g. diamond, SiO₂) is very hard with high melting points.

共价键 – 两个非金属原子间共享电子。共价分子（如 H₂O, CO₂）熔沸点低，不导电。共价网状结构（如金刚石，SiO₂）极硬，熔点很高。

Metallic bonding – a lattice of positive metal ions surrounded by delocalised electrons. This 'sea of electrons' allows metals to conduct electricity and heat, and to be malleable.

金属键 – 由正金属离子和离域电子构成的晶格。这种“电子海”使金属能够导电导热，并具有延展性。

Quick check: s when liquid → ionic or metallic. Low melting point + no conduction → covalent molecular.

快速判断： 高熔点+液态导电 → 离子或金属。低熔点+不导电 → 共价分子。

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4. Chemical Formulae and Naming | 化学式与命名

Valency – up 7 = -1, Group 6 = -2. For ionic compounds, swap the numbers to balance charges (e.g. Mg²⁺ + Cl^- → MgCl₂).

化合价 – 原子或离子的结合能力。常见化合价：第1族+1、第2族+2、第7族‑1、第6族‑2。对于离子化合物，交叉数字使电荷平衡（如 Mg²⁺ + Cl^- → MgCl₂）。

Prefixes for covalent compounds: mono- (1), di- (2), tri- (3), tetra- (4). E.g. CO₂ = carbon dioxide, PCl₃ = phosphorus trichloride.

共价化合物的前缀： mono‑(1)、di‑(2)、tri‑(3)、tetra‑(4)。如 CO₂ = 二氧化碳，PCl₃ = 三氯化磷。

Polyatomic ions – groups of atoms with an overall charge. You must memorise: sulfate SO₄^2-, nitrate NO₃^-, carbonate CO₃^2-, hydroxide OH^-, ammonium NH₄⁺. Write brackets when using more than one, e.g. Ca(OH)₂.

多原子离子 – 带整体电荷的原子团。必须记住：硫酸根 SO₄^2-、硝酸根 NO₃^-、碳酸根 CO₃^2-、氢氧根 OH^-、铵根 NH₄⁺。多于一个时使用括号，如 Ca(OH)₂。

Formula writing tips: Metal first, then non‑metal. Balance the total positive and negative charges to zero.

写化学式的提示： 先写金属后写非金属。将总正负电荷平衡至零。

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5. The Mole and Calculations | 摩尔与计算

Relative atomic mass (RAM) – the average mass of an element's atoms compared to 1/12 of carbon‑12. Found on the Periodic Table.

相对原子质量（RAM） – 元素原子的平均质量与碳‑12质量的1/12的比值。可从元素周期表查得。

The mole – one mole of any substance contains 6.02 × 10²³ formula units (Avogadro constant). The mass of one mole in grams equals the gram formula mass (GFM).

摩尔 – 1摩尔任何物质含有 6.02 × 10²³ 个基本单元（阿伏伽德罗常数）。1摩尔的质量（以克为单位）等于克式量（GFM）。

Key equations:

n = m ÷ GFM   |   n = V ÷ M_v   |   n = (C × V) / 1000

核心公式：

n = m ÷ GFM   |   n = V ÷ M_v   |   n = (C × V) / 1000

Where n = number of moles, m = mass (g), GFM = gram formula mass (g mol^-1), V = volume (litres), M_v = molar volume (used for gases, typically 24 L mol^-1 at room temperature and pressure), C = concentration (mol L^-1), V = volume in cm³.

其中 n = 摩尔数，m = 质量（g），GFM = 克式量（g mol^-1），V = 体积（L），M_v = 摩尔体积（用于气体，常温常压下通常为 24 L mol^-1），C = 浓度（mol L^-1），V = 体积（cm³）。

Memory aid: For the mass-mole equation, think Mass over GFM equals mole (m/GFM = n).

助记： 质量‑摩尔公式记为“质量除以GFM等于摩尔”（m/GFM = n）。

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6. Acids, Bases and pH | 酸、碱与 pH

Acids – substances that produce hydrogen ions (H⁺) in water. Common lab acids: hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), nitric acid (HNO₃).

酸 – 溶于水产生氢离子（H⁺）的物质。常见实验室酸：盐酸（HCl）、硫酸（H₂SO₄）、硝酸（HNO₃）。

Alkalis – soluble bases that produce hydroxide ions (OH^-) in water. E.g. sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH).

碱 – 可溶性的碱，溶于水产生氢氧根离子（OH^-）。如氢氧化钠（NaOH）、氢氧化钾（KOH）。

pH scale – pH < 7 = acid, pH = 7 = neutral, pH > 7 = alkali. The lower the pH, the stronger the acid.

pH 标度 – 测量酸碱度：pH < 7 为酸性，pH = 7 为中性，pH > 7 为碱性。pH 越低，酸性越强。

Neutralisation – reaction of an acid and an alkali producing a salt and water: H⁺ + OH^- → H₂O. The name of the salt comes from the acid (e.g. sulfuric acid → sulfate).

中和反应 – 酸与碱反应生成盐和水：H⁺ + OH^- → H₂O。盐的名称来自所用酸（如 硫酸 → 硫酸盐）。

Metal oxides and carbonates: Metal oxides are bases; metal carbonates react with acids to give salt + water + carbon dioxide.

金属氧化物与碳酸盐： 金属氧化物是碱；金属碳酸盐与酸反应生成盐 + 水 + 二氧化碳。

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7. Chemical Reactions and Equations | 化学反应与方程式

Word equation – uses the names: magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide. Formula equation – uses symbols: 2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO.

文字方程式 – 使用名称：镁 + 氧气 → 氧化镁。符号方程式 – 使用化学式：2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO。

Balancing equations – the number of atoms of each element must be the same on both sides. Start with elements that appear in only one compound on each side.

配平方程式 – 每种元素的原子总数在反应前后必须相等。先从每侧只出现在一种化合物中的元素开始配平。

Types of reactions: Combustion (fuel + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O), Displacement (more reactive metal pushes out less reactive one), Precipitation (two solutions form an insoluble solid), Exothermic/endothermic.

反应类型： 燃烧（燃料 + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O）、置换（较活泼金属将较不活泼金属从其化合物中置换出来）、沉淀（两种溶液混合生成不溶性固体）、放热/吸热。

OIL RIG – a useful mnemonic: Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain of electrons. In a redox reaction, one species is oxidised and another is reduced.

氧化还原助记： OIL RIG — 氧化是失电子，还原是得电子。在氧化还原反应中，一种物质被氧化，另一种被还原。

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8. Rates of Reaction | 反应速率

Rate of reaction – the speed at which reactants are used up or products are formed. It can be increased by: higher temperature, higher concentration (or pressure for gases), smaller particle size (larger surface area), and the use of a catalyst.

反应速率 – 反应物消耗或产物生成的速度。可通过以下因素加快：升高温度、增大浓度（或气体压强）、减小颗粒尺寸（增大表面积）、使用催化剂。

Collision theory – particles must collide with sufficient energy (activation energy) and correct orientation for a reaction to occur. The factors above increase the frequency of successful collisions.

碰撞理论 – 粒子必须发生碰撞并具有足够能量（活化能）和正确的取向，反应才能发生。上述因素增加了有效碰撞的频率。

Catalyst – a substance that speeds up a reaction without being used up. It lowers the activation energy. In biological systems, enzymes act as catalysts.

催化剂 – 能加快反应速率而自身不被消耗的物质。它通过降低活化能起作用。在生物体系中，酶作为催化剂。

Measuring rate: ss/volume) ÷ time. You can follow a reaction by measuring the volume of gas produced or the loss in mass.

速率的测量： 平均速率 = 变化量（质量/体积）÷ 时间。可通过收集气体体积或测量质量损失来跟踪反应。

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9. Fuels and Homologous Series | 燃料与同系列

Fossil fuels – coal, oil and natural gas, formed from ancient organisms. They are finite resources. Combustion of hydrocarbons releases energy, CO₂ and H₂O.

化石燃料 – 煤、石油和天然气，由古代生物形成，是不可再生资源。碳氢化合物燃烧释放能量、CO₂ 和 H₂O。

Hydrocarbons – compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen. The alkanes (C_nH_2n+2) are saturated; the alkenes (C_nH_2n) contain a C=C double bond and are unsaturated.

碳氢化合物 – 仅含碳和氢的化合物。烷烃（C_nH_2n+2）是饱和烃；烯烃（C_nH_2n）含有C=C双键，是不饱和烃。

Test for unsaturation: Bromine water – turns from orange/yellow to colourless with an alkene. Alkanes do not decolourise bromine water.

不饱和检验： 溴水 — 加入烯烃后由橙黄色变为无色。烷烃不能使溴水褪色。

Fractional distillation – crude oil is separated into fractions with different boiling ranges. Viscosity and flammability change with chain length.

分馏 – 原油按沸点范围分离成不同馏分。粘度和可燃性随碳链长度变化。

Alcohols (e.g. ethanol C₂H₅OH) contain the –OH functional group. Carboxylic acids (e.g. ethanoic acid CH₃COOH) contain –COOH. Esters are formed from alcohol + carboxylic acid.

醇类（如乙醇 C₂H₅OH）含有–OH官能团。羧酸（如乙酸 CH₃COOH）含有–COOH。酯由醇与羧酸反应生成。

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10. Analytical Chemistry and Tests | 分析化学与鉴别

Flame tests – used to identify metal ions: lithium (Li⁺) = crimson, sodium (Na⁺) = yellow, potassium (K⁺) = lilac, copper (Cu²⁺) = blue‑green, calcium (Ca²⁺) = orange‑red.

焰色试验 – 用于鉴别金属离子：锂（Li⁺）→ 深红色，钠（Na⁺）→ 黄色，钾（K⁺）→ 淡紫色，铜（Cu²⁺）→ 蓝绿色，钙（Ca²⁺）→ 砖红色。

Precipitation tests for ions: Add sodium hydroxide solution to metal ion solutions and note the colour of the precipitate. Fe²⁺ gives a green precipitate, Fe³⁺ gives brown, Cu²⁺ gives blue, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ give white.

离子沉淀鉴别： 向金属离子溶液中加入氢氧化钠溶液，观察沉淀颜色。Fe²⁺ 生成绿色沉淀，Fe³⁺ 生成棕色，Cu²⁺ 生成蓝色，Mg²⁺ 和 Ca²⁺ 生成白色。

Test for gases: Hydrogen (H₂) – a lit splint gives a 'squeaky pop'. Oxygen (O₂) – relights a glowing splint. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) – turns limewater milky/cloudy. Ammonia (NH₃) – turns damp red litmus paper blue.

气体检验： 氢气（H₂） — 点燃的木条发出“噗”的爆鸣声。氧气（O₂） — 使带火星的木条复燃。二氧化碳（CO₂） — 使石灰水变浑浊。氨气（NH₃） — 使湿润的红色石蕊试纸变蓝。

Titration – a technique used to find an unknown concentration. An indicator (usually phenolphthalein) shows the end‑point. Concordant titres should be within 0.2 cm³.

滴定 – 用于测定未知浓度的技术。指示剂（常用酚酞）显示终点。平行滴定结果之差应在 0.2 cm³ 以内。

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11. Calculations from Equations | 基于方程的计算

Mole ratios – the balanced equation gives the ratio in which substances react. Use these ratios to calculate unknown masses, volumes or concentrations.

摩尔比 – 配平后的方程式给出了各物质反应的摩尔比例。利用该比例可计算未知的质量、体积或浓度。

Worked example method: (1) Write the balanced equation. (2) Underline the two substances you are interested in. (3) Work out the moles of the known substance (m/GFM). (4) Use the mole ratio to find moles of the unknown. (5) Convert moles to mass/volume as required.

计算步骤示例： (1) 写出配平方程式。 (2) 在关心的两种物质下划线。 (3) 算出已知物的摩尔数（m/GFM）。 (4) 利用摩尔比求出未知物的摩尔数。 (5) 将摩尔

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