📚 Core Key Facts for Year 10 SQA Biology | Year 10 SQA 生物：核心知识点梳理
Year 10 biology under the Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA) builds a solid foundation across three major areas: Cell Biology, Multicellular Organisms, and Life on Earth. This article distills the essential concepts you need to feel confident in class assessments and prepare for future National 5 success. Each section pairs a clear English explanation with its Chinese equivalent, so you can study bilingually and deepen understanding.
在 SQA 体系下，Year 10 生物课程围绕细胞生物学、多细胞生物和地球上的生命三大主题展开。这篇文章梳理了最核心的知识点，帮助你在课堂评估中自信应对，并为未来的 National 5 考试打下扎实基础。每个要点都提供中英双语解释，便于对照复习，深化理解。
1. Cell Structure and Function | 细胞结构与功能
All living organisms are made of cells. Plant and animal cells share common components: a nucleus containing genetic material, cytoplasm where chemical reactions occur, a cell membrane that controls what enters and leaves, mitochondria for aerobic respiration, and ribosomes for protein synthesis. Plant cells also have a rigid cell wall made of cellulose, a large permanent vacuole filled with cell sap, and chloroplasts that absorb light energy for photosynthesis.
所有生物都由细胞构成。动植物细胞有许多共同结构：含有遗传物质的细胞核、发生化学反应的细胞质、控制物质进出的细胞膜、进行有氧呼吸的线粒体以及合成蛋白质的核糖体。植物细胞还有由纤维素组成的坚固细胞壁、充满细胞液的大液泡以及吸收光能进行光合作用的叶绿体。
2. Transport Across Cell Membranes | 物质跨膜运输
Substances move across the cell membrane by diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration down a concentration gradient; it requires no energy. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion involving water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane. Active transport moves ions or molecules against the concentration gradient using energy from ATP and carrier proteins.
物质通过扩散、渗透和主动运输穿过细胞膜。扩散指粒子沿着浓度梯度从高浓度区域向低浓度区域净移动，不需要能量。渗透是水的扩散，通过选择性透膜。主动运输利用 ATP 提供的能量和载体蛋白，将离子或分子逆浓度梯度运输。
3. DNA and Protein Synthesis | DNA 与蛋白质合成
DNA is a double-stranded molecule twisted into a double helix. Its structure contains four bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). A pairs with T, and C pairs with G. A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a specific protein. Protein synthesis involves transcription in the nucleus, where mRNA is formed from the DNA template, followed by translation at ribosomes, where mRNA codons are read and amino acids are assembled into a polypeptide chain.
DNA 是双链螺旋分子，含有四种碱基：腺嘌呤（A）、胸腺嘧啶（T）、胞嘧啶（C）和鸟嘌呤（G）。A 与 T 配对，C 与 G 配对。基因是编码特定蛋白质的 DNA 片段。蛋白质合成包括细胞核中的转录（以 DNA 为模板生成 mRNA）和核糖体上的翻译（读取 mRNA 密码子，将氨基酸组装成多肽链）。
4. Enzymes and Their Action | 酶及其作用
Enzymes are biological catalysts made of protein that speed up chemical reactions without being used up. Each enzyme has an active site with a specific shape that fits its substrate – the lock and key model. Enzyme activity is affected by temperature and pH. High temperatures denature the enzyme, changing the shape of the active site permanently. Optimum conditions enable the maximum rate of reaction.
酶是由蛋白质构成的生物催化剂，能加快化学反应而本身不被消耗。每个酶都有一个特定形状的活性位点，与底物相匹配——锁钥模型。酶活性受温度和 pH 影响。高温会使酶变性，永久改变活性位点形状。最适条件下反应速率达到最大。
5. Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration | 有氧呼吸与无氧呼吸
Respiration releases energy stored in glucose for cellular activities. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and takes place in mitochondria, producing a large amount of ATP:
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
Anaerobic respiration in animal cells produces lactic acid and a small amount of ATP. In plant and yeast cells, anaerobic respiration produces ethanol and carbon dioxide (fermentation).
呼吸作用释放葡萄糖中储存的能量，供细胞活动使用。有氧呼吸需要氧气，在线粒体中进行，产生大量 ATP：
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
动物细胞的无氧呼吸产生乳酸和少量 ATP。植物和酵母细胞的无氧呼吸则产生乙醇和二氧化碳（发酵）。
6. Stem Cells and Mitosis | 干细胞与有丝分裂
Stem cells are unspecialised cells that can divide and differentiate into various cell types. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, while adult tissue stem cells are multipotent. Mitosis is the process by which body cells divide to produce two genetically identical daughter cells for growth and repair. The stages are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, followed by cytokinesis.
干细胞是未分化的细胞，能分裂并分化成多种细胞类型。胚胎干细胞具有多能性，成体组织干细胞则为多能或专能。有丝分裂是体细胞分裂产生两个遗传上相同的子细胞的过程，用于生长和修复。阶段包括前期、中期、后期和末期，随后为胞质分裂。
7. Nervous System and Hormonal Control | 神经系统与激素控制
The nervous system allows rapid communication through electrical impulses. A reflex arc involves a receptor, sensory neuron, relay neuron in the central nervous system, motor neuron, and effector. Synapses use chemical neurotransmitters to pass signals between neurons. Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream for slower, longer-lasting effects. For example, insulin lowers blood glucose by converting glucose into glycogen in the liver.
神经系统通过电冲动实现快速通讯。反射弧包括感受器、感觉神经元、中枢神经系统中的中间神经元、运动神经元和效应器。突触利用化学神经递质在神经元间传递信号。内分泌腺将激素分泌到血液中，产生较慢但持久的影响。例如，胰岛素通过促进肝脏将葡萄糖转化为糖原而降低血糖。
8. Reproduction, Fertilisation and Variation | 生殖、受精与变异
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes (sperm and egg) to form a diploid zygote. This process increases genetic variation because offspring inherit a unique combination of alleles from both parents. Variation also arises from mutations, which are random changes to DNA sequence. Some mutations are neutral, some harmful, and some may confer an advantage.
有性生殖涉及配子（精子和卵子）融合形成二倍体受精卵。这一过程增加了遗传变异，因为后代从父母双方获得独特的等位基因组合。变异还可源于突变，即 DNA 序列的随机改变。有些突变是中性的，有些有害，有些则可能带来优势。
9. DNA, Genes and Chromosomes | DNA、基因与染色体
Inside the nucleus, DNA is organised into chromosomes. Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in every body cell. An allele is a different form of a gene. Genotype describes the alleles an organism possesses, while phenotype is the observable characteristic. Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles in heterozygous individuals. Punnett squares help predict genetic outcomes in monohybrid crosses.
在细胞核内，DNA 组织成染色体。人类每个体细胞有 46 条染色体（23 对）。等位基因是基因的不同形式。基因型描述生物体拥有的等位基因，表现型则是可观察的特征。显性等位基因在杂合子中掩盖隐性等位基因。旁氏表可帮助预测单基因杂交的遗传结果。
10. Components of an Ecosystem | 生态系统的组成部分
An ecosystem includes a community of living organisms (biotic factors) interacting with non-living (abiotic) factors such as light, temperature, pH, and soil moisture. A species is a group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. A population is all members of one species in a habitat. Sampling techniques like quadrats and pitfall traps estimate population size and distribution.
生态系统包含生物群落（生物因子）与非生物因子（如光照、温度、pH 和土壤湿度）的相互作用。物种是能相互交配并产生可育后代的一群生物。种群是栖息地中同一物种的全部个体。样方法和陷阱法等取样技术可估算种群大小与分布。
11. Food Chains and Energy Transfer | 食物链与能量传递
Food chains show the transfer of energy from producers to consumers. At each trophic level, only about 10% of energy is passed on; the rest is lost as heat, movement, or waste. Pyramids of energy and numbers illustrate these relationships. Producers (green plants) convert light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis:
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
Decomposers such as bacteria and fungi recycle nutrients back into the soil.
食物链显示能量从生产者到消费者的传递。每一个营养级大约只有 10% 的能量传递下去，其余以热、运动或废物形式散失。能量金字塔和数量金字塔可展示这些关系。生产者（绿色植物）通过光合作用将光能转化为化学能：
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
细菌和真菌等分解者将养分重新循环到土壤中。
12. Natural Selection and Evolution | 自然选择与进化
Natural selection is the process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. Variation within a population, competition for resources, and differential reproductive success drive evolution. Over generations, advantageous alleles increase in frequency. The development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a clear example of natural selection in action.
自然选择是指更能适应环境的生物往往存活并繁殖更多后代的过程。种群内的变异、资源竞争和繁殖成功率差异推动进化。经过多代，有利等位基因的频率增加。细菌抗生素耐药性的产生就是自然选择作用的一个明显例子。
Published by TutorHao | SQA Biology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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