📚 Year 10 OCR Computer Science: Vocabulary Quick Reference Guide | Year 10 OCR 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the terminology of GCSE Computer Science is half the battle. This guide breaks down the essential OCR J277 vocabulary into bite-sized, bilingual definitions, helping you recall key terms with confidence under exam pressure. From abstraction to volatile memory, each entry is paired with a clear example to cement your understanding.
掌握 GCSE 计算机科学的术语是成功的一半。这份指南将 OCR J277 考试大纲中的核心词汇分解成小块、双语的定义，帮助你在考试压力下自信地回忆起关键术语。从“抽象”到“易失性存储器”，每个条目都配有清晰的示例来巩固你的理解。
1. Abstraction | 抽象
Abstraction is the process of removing unnecessary detail so that you can focus on the important parts of a problem. In computing, we use abstraction to manage complexity by hiding low-level detail behind higher-level interfaces.
抽象是移除不必要的细节以便专注于问题关键部分的过程。在计算中，我们通过抽象来管理复杂性，将底层细节隐藏在高层接口之后。
For example, when you drive a car, you use the steering wheel and pedals without needing to understand how the engine works. Similarly, a function in Python abstracts a set of instructions behind a name.
例如，当你开车时，你使用方向盘和踏板，而不需要了解发动机如何工作。类似地，Python 中的函数将一组指令抽象在一个名字之后。
2. Algorithm | 算法
An algorithm is a step-by-step set of instructions designed to solve a specific problem or complete a task. Algorithms must be precise, finite, and unambiguous. They can be expressed using flowcharts, pseudocode, or high-level programming languages.
算法是一套为解决问题或完成任务而设计的逐步指令。算法必须精确、有限且无歧义。它们可以用流程图、伪代码或高级编程语言来表达。
Think of a recipe for baking a cake: it lists ingredients and steps in order. In the same way, a bubble sort algorithm provides a fixed sequence of comparisons and swaps to order a list.
想象一下烤蛋糕的食谱：它按顺序列出配料和步骤。同样，冒泡排序算法提供了一系列固定的比较和交换操作来对列表进行排序。
3. Binary | 二进制
Binary is a base‑2 number system that uses only two digits: 0 and 1. Computers represent all data – numbers, text, images, sound – as sequences of binary digits (bits), because transistors can easily switch between two states.
二进制是一种基数为 2 的数字系统，仅使用 0 和 1 两个数字。计算机将所有数据——数字、文本、图像、声音——表示为二进制数字（比特）的序列，因为晶体管可以轻松地在两种状态之间切换。
is written as 1101 in binary. Each position represents a power of two: 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 13.
例如，十进制数 13 在二进制中写作 1101。每位代表 2 的幂：8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 13。
4. Computational Thinking | 计算思维
Computational thinking involves tackling problems in a way that a computer could help solve them. The three key techniques are decomposition (breaking a problem into smaller parts), pattern recognition (spotting similarities), and abstraction (focusing on what matters).
计算思维涉及以一种计算机能够帮忙解决问题的方式来处理问题。三种关键技术是分解（将问题拆分为更小的部分）、模式识别（发现相似性）和抽象（关注重要内容）。
When designing a mobile app, you might decompose the project into login screen, main menu, data storage. You recognise patterns, for example all buttons behave similarly, and you abstract away the exact code of network requests behind simple function calls.
在设计移动应用时，你可以将项目分解为登录界面、主菜单、数据存储等部分。你识别出模式，例如所有按钮的行为相似，并且你将网络请求的具体代码抽象在简单的函数调用之后。
5. CPU (Central Processing Unit) | 中央处理器
The CPU is the brain of the computer that carries out instructions of a program by performing the fetch‑decode‑execute cycle. It consists of the control unit (CU), arithmetic logic unit (ALU), registers, and cache memory.
CPU 是计算机的大脑，通过执行取指‑译码‑执行周期来执行程序的指令。它由控制器（CU）、算术逻辑单元（ALU）、寄存器和高速缓存组成。
Key registers include the Program Counter (PC), which holds the address of the next instruction, and the Accumulator (ACC), which temporarily stores results of ALU operations.
关键寄存器包括程序计数器（PC），它保存下一条指令的地址；以及累加器（ACC），它临时存储 ALU 运算的结果。
6. Data Types | 数据类型
Data types define what kind of value a variable can hold in a programming language. The five main data types in OCR J277 are: integer (whole numbers), real/float (numbers with decimal points), Boolean (True or False), character (a single symbol), and string (a sequence of characters).
数据类型定义了变量在编程语言中可以保存哪种值。OCR J277 中的五种主要数据类型是：整数（整数）、实数/浮点数（带小数点的数字）、布尔值（True 或 False）、字符（单个符号）和字符串（字符序列）。
For example, age = 16 (integer), price = 9.99 (float), valid = True (Boolean), grade = 'A' (character), name = "Alice" (string). Choosing the right data type improves memory usage and prevents errors.
例如，age = 16（整数），price = 9.99（浮点数），valid = True（布尔值），grade = 'A'（字符），name = "Alice"（字符串）。选择正确数据类型可以提高内存使用效率并防止错误。
7. Flowchart Symbols | 流程图符号
Flowcharts are diagrams that represent algorithms using standard symbols. The main shapes are: oval (start/stop), rectangle (process), parallelogram (input/output), diamond (decision), and arrows showing the direction of flow.
流程图是使用标准符号表示算法的图表。主要形状有：椭圆形（开始/结束）、矩形（处理）、平行四边形（输入/输出）、菱形（判断）以及表示流向的箭头。
When tracing a flowchart that checks if a number is even, a diamond tests the condition "number mod 2 = 0?". The true branch leads to output "even", the false branch to output "odd".
追踪一个检查数字是否为偶数的流程图时，菱形测试条件“number mod 2 = 0？”为真的分支输出“偶数”，假的分支输出“奇数”。
8. Hexadecimal | 十六进制
Hexadecimal is a base‑16 number system using digits 0–9 and letters A–F to represent values 10–15. It provides a more compact way to represent binary, because every hex digit corresponds to exactly 4 bits (a nibble).
十六进制是一种基数为 16 的数字系统，使用数字 0–9 和字母 A–F 来表示值 10–15。它提供了一种更紧凑的表示二进制的方法，因为每个十六进制数字正好对应 4 位二进制（一个半字节）。
For example, the binary 1010 1111 can be written as AF in hex. Memory addresses and colour codes (e.g., #FF00FF) commonly use hex to be shorter and easier to read.
例如，二进制 1010 1111 可以写作十六进制的 AF。内存地址和颜色代码（例如 #FF00FF）通常使用十六进制，因为它更短且易于阅读。
9. Logic Gates | 逻辑门
Logic gates are the building blocks of digital circuits, performing basic Boolean operations. The three fundamental gates are NOT, AND, and OR. Truth tables clearly list all possible input combinations and the resulting output for each gate.
逻辑门是数字电路的构建模块，执行基本的布尔运算。三个基本门是 NOT、AND 和 OR。真值表清晰地列出了每种门所有可能的输入组合及其输出结果。
For an AND gate, the output is 1 only if both inputs are 1. For an OR gate, the output is 1 if at least one input is 1. A NOT gate simply inverts the input: input 0 gives output 1.
对于 AND 门，只有两个输入都为 1 时输出才为 1。对于 OR 门，只要至少一个输入为 1 输出就为 1。NOT 门只是将输入取反：输入 0 得到输出 1。
10. RAM and ROM | 随机存取存储器与只读存储器
RAM (Random Access Memory) is volatile memory used to store data and programs that the CPU is currently using. When the computer is turned off, the contents of RAM are lost. ROM (Read Only Memory) is non‑volatile; it retains its contents without power and typically stores the boot instructions (BIOS).
RAM（随机存取存储器）是易失性存储器，用于存储 CPU 当前使用的数据和程序。当计算机关机时，RAM 的内容会丢失。ROM（只读存储器）是非易失性的；它在断电后仍保留内容，通常存储启动指令（BIOS）。
Increasing RAM can improve performance if many applications are running simultaneously, because more data can be held close to the CPU. ROM, however, cannot be easily changed and is critical for starting up the computer.
如果同时运行许多应用程序，增加 RAM 可以提升性能，因为更多数据可以靠近 CPU 存放。而 ROM 不易更改，对计算机启动至关重要。
11. Sorting and Searching Algorithms | 排序与搜索算法
Two common searching algorithms are linear search (checking each element in order) and binary search (repeatedly dividing a sorted list in half). Key sorting algorithms include bubble sort (repeatedly swapping adjacent elements) and merge sort (dividing the list into halves and merging them back in order).
两种常见的搜索算法是线性搜索（按顺序检查每个元素）和二分搜索（反复将有序列表分成两半）。关键排序算法包括冒泡排序（不断交换相邻元素）和归并排序（将列表分成两半再有序地合并）。
Binary search is much faster for large sorted data sets because it halves the search space each time, whereas linear search runs in time proportional to the number of items. Merge sort is more efficient than bubble sort for large lists.
对于大型有序数据集，二分搜索要快得多，因为它每次将搜索空间减半，而线性搜索的时间与数据项数量成正比。对于大型列表，归并排序比冒泡排序更高效。
12. Variables, Constants, and Operators | 变量、常量与运算符
constant is similar but its value is fixed once declared. Operators include arithmetic (+, –, *, /, MOD, DIV), comparison (==, !=, <, >, <=, >=), and logical (AND, OR, NOT).
变量是一个命名的内存位置，其值在程序执行期间可以改变。常量类似，但声明后其值固定不变。运算符包括算术运算符（+、–、*、/、MOD、DIV）、比较运算符（==、!=、<、>、<=、>=）和逻辑运算符（AND、OR、NOT）。
lares a variable, PI = 3.14 is a common constant. The expression (age >= 18 AND country == "UK") uses comparison and logical operators to produce a Boolean result.
例如，score = 10 声明了一个变量，PI = 3.14 是一个常见的常量。表达式 (age >= 18 AND country == "UK") 使用比较和逻辑运算符来生成一个布尔结果。
Published by TutorHao | Computer Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
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